西沙群岛灰沙岛岸滩变化特征与生态防护对策研究——以北岛为例

doi:10.11978/2024230

热带海洋学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (5): 154-165.doi: 10.11978/2024230CSTR: 32234.14.2024230

西沙群岛灰沙岛岸滩变化特征与生态防护对策研究——以北岛为例

林婷¹^,²(), 屈建军²(), 吴志峰¹^,², 李育培³

1.广州大学地理科学与遥感学院, 广东广州 510006
2.南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室( 广州), 广东广州 511458
3.三沙市海洋保护区管理局, 海南三沙 573199

收稿日期:2024-12-10 修回日期:2025-02-17 出版日期:2025-09-10 发布日期:2025-10-14
通讯作者: 屈建军
作者简介:
林婷(2001—), 女, 广西壮族自治区贺州市人, 硕士研究生, 从事珊瑚岛礁稳态研究。email: lint@e.gzhu.edu.cn
基金资助:
南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(广州)人才团队经费项目(GML20220014)

Study on the characteristics of shoreline changes and ecological protection strategies of coral sandy islands: A case study of North Island in the Xisha Islands, South China Sea

LIN Ting¹^,²(), QU Jianjun²(), WU Zhifeng¹^,², LI Yupei³

1. School of Geography and Remote Sensing, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
2. Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
3. Sansha Marine Protected Area Administration, Sansha 573199, China

Received:2024-12-10 Revised:2025-02-17 Online:2025-09-10 Published:2025-10-14
Contact: QU Jianjun
Supported by:
PI Project of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou)(GML20220014)

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 灰沙岛作为热带海洋中的典型地貌, 具有重要的生态功能与科学研究价值, 然而全球气候变化与人类活动的加剧正在严重威胁其稳定性。文章以西沙群岛典型灰沙岛——北岛为对象, 基于2002—2023年多期高分辨率遥感影像与数字海岸线分析系统(digital shoreline analysis system, DSAS), 揭示了北岛岸滩的动态变化特征及其影响因素, 并提出了针对性的防护对策。结果表明: 1) 北岛岸线变化呈现显著阶段性特征: 2002—2015年岸线长度与面积缓慢增长, 2015—2019年因东南端码头修建与岛体扩建, 57%的岸线向海淤积扩张, 岸线长度与面积急剧增长, 并于2019年达到峰值, 然而2019—2023年侵蚀加剧, 47%的岸线后退, 总侵蚀面积达11846m²。其中, 沙嘴区域受季风主导呈现季节性冲淤循环(东北季风期侵蚀、西南季风期淤积), 而海滩岩因自身易侵蚀性、人类活动及自然因素的多重影响面积锐减, 至2023年仅存3827m²。2) 灰沙岛演变的本质是水动力与沉积物的相互作用, 其演变过程受自然与人为因素共同影响, 海岸水动力变化、珊瑚礁退化、海平面上升、极端天气频发以及人类干扰等因素均会影响灰沙岛的演变。3) 针对灰沙岛稳定性问题, 本文提出了分层次的生态防护体系, 从潮上带到潮下带逐层防护, 采用植被固沙、移动沙障固沙、菱形沙袋固沙、海滩岩修复等措施, 兼顾生态保护和岛礁防护的需求, 为南海珊瑚岛礁的保护与管理提供了切实可行的参考。

关键词: 灰沙岛, 遥感监测, 数字海岸线分析系统, 生态防护

Abstract:

Coral sandy islands, as a typical tropical marine landform, play a significant ecological role and hold great scientific research value. However, the intensification of global climate change and human activities poses a serious threat to their stability. This study focuses on North Island, a typical coral sandy island in the Xisha Islands of the South China Sea, using multi-temporal high-resolution remote sensing imagery from 2002 to 2023 and the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) to reveal its coastline dynamics and influencing factors. The study also proposes targeted protective measures. The results show that: 1) the coastline of North Island exhibits distinct stage characteristics. From 2002 to 2015, the coastline expanded slowly; from 2015 to 2019, due to dock construction at the southeastern end and island expansion, 57% of the coastline extended seaward through sediment deposition, with the coastline length and area sharply increasing, peaking in 2019. However, from 2019 to 2023, erosion intensified, with 47% of the coastline retreating and a total erosion area of 11846 m². The spit area, influenced by monsoons, exhibited seasonal erosion-deposition cycles (erosion during the northeast monsoon and deposition during the southwest monsoon), while the beach rock area decreased drastically due to erosion susceptibility, human activities, and natural factors, leaving only 3827 m² by 2023. 2) The evolution of coral sandy islands is fundamentally driven by the interaction between hydrodynamics and sediments, affected by both natural factors (e.g., coastal hydrodynamics, coral reef degradation, sea-level rise, extreme weather) and human disturbances. 3) This study proposes a hierarchical ecological protection system for coral sandy islands, with measures spanning from the supratidal to the subtidal zone, including vegetation-based sand fixation, mobile sand barriers, diamond-shaped sandbags, and beach rock restoration. These measures balance ecological conservation with island protection needs, providing practical and feasible recommendations for the protection and management of coral sandy islands in the South China Sea.

Key words: coral sandy island, remote sensing monitoring, Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS), ecological protection

中图分类号:

P737.13

林婷, 屈建军, 吴志峰, 李育培. 西沙群岛灰沙岛岸滩变化特征与生态防护对策研究——以北岛为例[J]. 热带海洋学报, 2025, 44(5): 154-165.

LIN Ting, QU Jianjun, WU Zhifeng, LI Yupei. Study on the characteristics of shoreline changes and ecological protection strategies of coral sandy islands: A case study of North Island in the Xisha Islands, South China Sea[J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2025, 44(5): 154-165.

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成像时间	遥感卫星	分辨率/m		潮位/cm
成像时间	遥感卫星	全色	多光谱	潮位/cm
2002-07-31	QuickBird	0.5	2.0	126
2006-06-23	QuickBird	0.5	2.0	130
2010-02-07	WorldView-2	0.5	2.0	105
2015-12-14	GF-2	0.8	3.2	108
2019-08-11	Worldview-2	0.5	2.0	138
2022-10-08	Worldview-2	0.5	2.0	102
2023-03-09	Worldview-2	0.5	2.0	80
2023-10-30	ZY3-03	2.1	5.8	62

年份	最大侵蚀距离/m	平均侵蚀距离/m	最大侵蚀速率/(m·a^-1)	最大侵蚀速率/(m·a^-1)	侵蚀面积/m²
2002—2006	34.26	12.54	8.79	3.22	4115
2006—2010	54.62	13.18	15.08	3.63	8193
2010—2015	35.63	10.11	6.09	1.73	6114
2015—2019	46.57	14.84	12.73	4.06	6397
2019—2023	56.84	10.11	15.62	2.82	11846

年份	最大淤积距离/m	平均淤积距离/m	最大淤积速率/(m·a^-1)	最大淤积速率/(m·a^-1)	淤积面积/m²
2002—2006	33.00	8.13	8.47	2.08	7400
2006—2010	48.79	14.11	13.47	3.89	6070
2010—2015	43.14	8.99	7.38	1.53	10082
2015—2019	110.67	18.59	30.26	5.08	40049
2019—2023	16.80	6.55	4.70	1.83	3002

阶段	最大侵蚀距离/m	最大淤积距离/m	沙嘴侵蚀面积/m²	沙嘴淤积面积/m²
东北季风期	54.39	18.37	5528	3649
西南季风期	27.16	52.08	4630	6715
完整季风期	9.21	15.13	1216	1332

西沙群岛灰沙岛岸滩变化特征与生态防护对策研究——以北岛为例

Study on the characteristics of shoreline changes and ecological protection strategies of coral sandy islands: A case study of North Island in the Xisha Islands, South China Sea

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