广东省南澳岛东部海域浮游动物群落结构及其影响因素
作者简介:任玉正(1995—), 男, 河南省洛阳市人, 硕士研究生, 主要从事海洋浮游动物生态学研究。E-mail: reueng@foxmail.com
Editor: 殷波
收稿日期: 2019-05-20
要求修回日期: 2019-07-07
网络出版日期: 2020-03-10
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(31670458)
国家自然科学基金项目(41576125)
国家自然科学基金项目(41976112)
广东省科技计划项目(2018B030320005)
公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201403008)
版权
Community structure of zooplankton and its influencing factors in the eastern waters of Nan’ao Island, Guangdong
Received date: 2019-05-20
Request revised date: 2019-07-07
Online published: 2020-03-10
Supported by
National Natural Science Foundation of China(31670458)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41576125)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41976112)
Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province of China(2018B030320005)
Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest(201403008)
Copyright
广东省南澳海域是粤东重要的海产养殖基地, 分析该海域浮游动物群落结构特征对评估其生态环境质量具有重要意义。文章根据2014年9月(秋季)、12月(冬季)、2015年4月(春季)和2016年7月(夏季)在南澳岛东部海域的浮游动物调查, 分析该海域浮游动物的群落结构特征, 探讨环境因素对其时空分布的影响。共鉴定浮游动物206种(包括浮游幼虫), 桡足类种数最多, 达94种; 远岸海域浮游动物的种数高于近岸海域。浮游动物丰度和生物量的季节变化明显, 夏、秋季高于冬、春季; 浮游动物丰度和生物量的分布趋势较一致, 夏季高值区主要出现在近岸, 秋季由近岸向远岸海域递增。浮游动物不同类群和优势种的丰度也存在季节变化, 桡足类是调查期间丰度较高的类群, 秋季水母类和海樽类丰度明显增加; 优势种后圆真浮萤(Euconchoecia maimai)和针刺真浮萤(Euconchoecia aculeata)在夏季丰度高, 小齿海樽(Doliolum denticulatum)在秋季占绝对优势。温度、盐度和浮游植物生物量是影响南澳岛东部海域浮游动物时空变化的主要环境因子, 说明该海域浮游动物群落特征受海流、水团和养殖活动的综合影响。
任玉正 , 柯志新 , 谭烨辉 , 李开枝 . 广东省南澳岛东部海域浮游动物群落结构及其影响因素[J]. 热带海洋学报, 2020 , 39(2) : 65 -76 . DOI: 10.11978/2019051
Nan’ao Island in Shantou, Guangdong Province is one of the important marine aquaculture bases in eastern Guangdong. Zooplankton is of great significance for assessing the quality of the ecological environment. Based on the sampling of zooplankton in the eastern waters of Nan’ao Island in September 2014 (autumn), December (winter), April 2015 (spring), and July 2016 (summer), the community structure of zooplankton and the influence of environmental factors on their spatial and temporal distribution were analyzed. A total of 206 species of zooplankton (including planktonic larvae) were identified, of which the number of copepods was the highest, reaching 94 species. The number of zooplankton species in the inshore waters was higher than that in the offshore waters. Seasonal variations in zooplankton abundance and biomass were characterized by high values in summer and autumn and low values in winter and spring. The distributions of zooplankton abundance and biomass were consistent. In summer, the high value area of biomass and abundance occurred mainly in the inshore region, and in autumn biomass and abundance increased from inshore region to offshore region. The abundance of different groups and dominant species changed seasonally. Copepod was the group with higher abundance during the survey. The abundance of jellyfish and salps increased significantly in autumn. Euconchoecia maimai and Euconchoecia aculeata were dominant in summer, and Doliolum denticulatum was dominant in autumn. Temperature, salinity, and phytoplankton biomass were the main environmental factors driving the spatial and temporal changes of zooplankton in the eastern waters of Nan’ao Island, indicating that the zooplankton community was affected by physical processes and aquaculture activities.
图2 南澳岛东部海域温度(a)、盐度(b)和叶绿素a浓度(c)的时空变化*表示p<0.05, 差异显著; **表示p<0.01, 差异极显著 Fig. 2 Temporal and spatial variations of temperature (a), salinity (b), and chlorophyll a (c) in the eastern waters of Nan’ao Island. * represents significant difference (p<0.05); ** represents extremely significant difference (p<0.01) |
图3 南澳岛东部海域浮游动物丰度(a)和生物量(b)的时空变化*表示p<0.05, 差异显著; **表示p<0.01, 差异极显著 Fig. 3 Temporal and spatial variations of zooplankton abundance (a) and biomass (b) in the eastern waters of Nan’ao Island. * represents significant difference (p<0.05); ** represents extremely significant difference (p<0.01) |
图5 南澳岛东部海域浮游动物生物量分布图a. 春季; b. 夏季; c. 秋季; d. 冬季 Fig. 5 Horizontal distribution of zooplankton biomass (units: mg·m-3) during four seasons in the eastern waters of Nan’ao Island. (a) spring; (b) summer; (c) autumn; and (d) winter |
表1 2014—2016年南澳岛东部海域浮游动物的种类Tab. 1 Species composition of zooplankton in the eastern waters of Nan’ao Island from 2014 to 2016 |
类群 | 春季 | 夏季 | 秋季 | 冬季 | 合计 | 百分比/% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
水螅水母类 Hydrozoa | 11 | 2 | 18 | 4 | 23 | 11.17 |
管水母类 Siphonophorae | 6 | 5 | 8 | 5 | 11 | 5.34 |
栉水母类 Ctenophores | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0.97 |
浮游多毛类 Polychaeta | 0 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 5 | 2.43 |
浮游软体类 Mollusca | 0 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 1.94 |
枝角类 Cladocera | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0.97 |
介形类 Ostracoda | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 8 | 3.88 |
桡足类Copepoda | 63 | 57 | 55 | 54 | 94 | 45.63 |
糠虾类 Mysids | 1 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 2 | 0.97 |
端足类 Amphipods | 7 | 6 | 4 | 0 | 11 | 5.34 |
磷虾类 Euphaussids | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 6 | 2.91 |
十足类 Decapoda | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0.97 |
毛颚类 Chaetognatha | 13 | 14 | 10 | 11 | 16 | 7.77 |
有尾类 Appendicularia | 3 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 1.94 |
海樽类 Salps | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0.97 |
浮游幼虫 Planktonic larvae | 11 | 11 | 13 | 9 | 14 | 6.80 |
合计 | 127 | 113 | 135 | 105 | 206 | 100 |
图8 南澳岛东部海域浮游动物多样性指数(a)和物种均匀度(b)的时空变化*表示p<0.05, 差异显著; **表示p<0.01, 差异极显著 Fig. 8 Temporal and spatial variations of zooplankton diversity index (a) and evenness index (b) in the eastern waters of Nan’ao Island. * represents significant difference (p<0.05); ** represents extremely significant difference (p<0.01) |
表2 南澳岛东部海域浮游动物各类群丰度的变化Tab. 2 Variations in the abundance of zooplankton groups in the eastern waters of Nan'ao Island |
类群 | 春季 | 夏季 | 秋季 | 冬季 |
---|---|---|---|---|
水螅水母类 Hydrozoa | 1.60±2.18 | 0.60±1.16 | 10.76±5.67 | 0.43±0.61 |
管水母类 Siphonophorae | 1.21±1.57 | 9.24±1 0.60 | 42.53±55.16 | 0.37± 0.63 |
栉水母类 Ctenophores | / | 0.36±0.80 | 16.42±39.80 | 0.01±0.05 |
浮游多毛类 Polychaeta | / | 0.52±1.13 | 0.34±0.77 | / |
浮游软体类 Mollusca | 0.01±0.05 | 2.43±3.32 | 3.68±4.39 | 0.02±0.06 |
枝角类 Cladocera | 0.04±0.10 | 1.25±2.45 | 19.44±19.78 | 0.10±0.38 |
介形类 Ostracoda | 0.32±0.93 | 79.32±109.19 | 1.37±2.51 | 1.39±1.58 |
桡足类 Copepod | 16.78±9.51 | 156.65±96.11 | 150.19±137.25 | 74.58±146.28 |
糠虾类 Mysids | 0.03±0.11 | / | 0.19±0.70 | / |
端足类 Amphipods | 0.52±0.82 | 3.75±3.53 | 2.55±4.99 | 0.38±0.62 |
磷虾类 Euphaussids | 0.86±0.83 | 2.44±1.93 | 2.49±2.16 | 0.92±0.93 |
十足类 Decapoda | 1.20±1.93 | 26.48±34.15 | 8.52±7.24 | 0.10±0.22 |
毛颚类 Chaetognatha | 14.29±12.07 | 31.21±24.30 | 20.82±18.47 | 3.37±2.59 |
有尾类 Appendicularians | 4.32±9.06 | 0.71±1.10 | 12.61±11.59 | 0.02±0.06 |
海樽类 Salps | 0.11±0.28 | 1.61±2.14 | 83.30±106.38 | 0.19±0.53 |
浮游幼虫 Planktonic larvae | 10.24±3.97 | 55.38±54.21 | 50.17±28.42 | 3.15±4.23 |
注: “/”表示在相应航次未鉴定到该类群的种类 |
表3 南澳岛东部海域浮游动物优势种组成及其丰度和优势度Tab. 3 Composition, abundance, and dominance of dominant species of zooplankton in the eastern waters of Nan’ao Island |
种类 | 春季 | 夏季 | 秋季 | 冬季 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
丰度/(个·m-3) | 优势度 | 丰度/(个·m-3) | 优势度 | 丰度/(个·m-3) | 优势度 | 丰度/(个·m-3) | 优势度 | |
球型侧腕水母 Pleurobrachia globosa | - | - | - | - | 16.2±39.9 | 0.03 | - | - |
双生水母 Diphyes chamissonis | - | - | - | - | 20.1±33.5 | 0.04 | - | - |
细浅室水母 Lensia subtilis | - | - | - | - | 9.3±16.4 | 0.02 | - | - |
鸟喙尖头溞 Penilia avirostris | - | - | - | - | 19.0±19.1 | 0.04 | - | - |
针刺真浮萤 Euconchoecia aculeata | - | - | 33.1±50.5 | 0.07 | - | - | - | - |
后圆真浮萤 Euconchoecia maimai | - | - | 45.5±58.3 | 0.10 | - | - | - | - |
锥形宽水蚤 Temora turbinata | - | - | 16.2±24.6 | 0.04 | 32.7±58.3 | 0.08 | - | - |
小拟哲水蚤 Paracalanus parvus | 1.3±1.0 | 0.02 | 11.7±13.3 | 0.03 | - | - | 5.8±11.5 | 0.06 |
精致真刺水蚤 Euchaeta concinna | 2.5±2.8 | 0.03 | - | - | - | - | 6.6±4.7 | 0.07 |
瘦拟哲水蚤 Paracalanus gracilis | - | - | 11.4±17.0 | 0.02 | - | - | 4.9±12.0 | 0.03 |
微刺哲水蚤 Canthocalanus pauper | - | - | - | - | 47.8±81.9 | 0.12 | 3.2±5.1 | 0.02 |
中华哲水蚤 Calanus sinicus | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.8±2.8 | 0.02 |
奥氏胸刺水蚤 Centropages orsinii | 1.5±1.9 | 0.02 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
异尾宽水蚤 Temora discaudata | 1.6±2.0 | 0.02 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
红纺锤水蚤 Acartia erythraea | - | - | 47.9±50.4 | 0.12 | - | - | - | - |
钳形歪水蚤 Tortanus forcipatus | - | - | 11.0±10.8 | 0.02 | - | - | - | - |
中型莹虾 Lucifer intermedius | - | - | 26.5±38.5 | 0.06 | - | - | - | - |
肥胖软箭虫 Flaccisagitta enflata | - | - | 17.9±18.6 | 0.04 | 13.1±15.9 | 0.02 | - | - |
百陶带箭虫 Zonosagitta bedoti | 6.4±10.0 | 0.09 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
红住囊虫 Oikopleura rufescens | 1.4±3.1 | 0.02 | - | - | 7.7±6.3 | 0.02 | - | - |
长尾住囊虫 Oikopleura longicauda | 1.7±2.7 | 0.03 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
小齿海樽 Doliolum denticulatum | - | - | - | - | 78.5±105.4 | 0.17 | - | - |
长尾类幼虫 Macrura larvae | 4.3±2.2 | 0.08 | 17.4±16.2 | 0.05 | 21.7±17.5 | 0.05 | 1.5±1.9 | 0.02 |
注: “-”表示在相应航次优势度<0.02, 未判定为优势种 |
表4 浮游动物群落结构与环境因子的相关系数Tab. 4 Correlation coefficient between zooplankton community structure and environmental factors |
温度/℃ | 盐度/‰ | 叶绿素a浓度/(mg·m-3) | 透明度/m | |
---|---|---|---|---|
丰度 | 0.47** | -0.21 | 0.26 | 0.18 |
生物量 | 0.41** | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.35** |
多样性指数 | 0.73** | 0.40** | 0.34* | 0.37** |
均匀度指数 | 0.68** | 0.42** | 0.30* | 0.43** |
注: *表示p<0.05, 相关性显著; **表示p<0.01, 相关性极显著 |
表5 南澳岛东部海域浮游动物与其他海湾的比较Tab. 5 Comparisons of zooplankton between the eastern waters of Nan’ao Island and other coastal embayments |
海域 | 调查时间/(年.月) | 网目孔径/μm | 桡足类种数 | 总丰度 /(个·m-3) | 总生物量 /(mg·m-3) | 多样性指数 | 均匀度 | 文献来源 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mediterranean Coast | 1984.01—1985.12 | 200 | 30 | 1.5×103 | - | 3.25 | 0.56 | Siokou等(1998) |
Little Bay | 1995.10—1996.07 | 90 | - | 2.4×104 | - | 1.47 | 0.44 | Jamet等(2001) |
La Garonne Bay | 1995.10—1996.07 | 90 | - | 3.3×103 | - | 2.19 | 0.65 | Jamet等(2001) |
Niel Bay | 1995.10—1996.07 | 90 | - | 2.5×103 | - | 2.13 | 0.69 | Jamet等(2001) |
柘林湾 | 2000.07—2001.07 | 200 | 57 | 6.8×103 | 115.7 | 2.43 | 0.72 | 姜胜等(2002) |
柘林湾 | 2001.04—2002.04 | 169 | 60 | 1.5×104 | 227.8 | 2.49 | 0.69 | 黄长江等(2003) |
东山湾 | 2007.03—2007.11 | 505 | 37 | 982.30 | 163.2 | 3.01 | 0.70 | 郑惠东(2009) |
南澳岛北部海域 | 2011.04—2012.02 | 505 | 52 | 144.67 | 98.67 | 2.80 | 0.75 | 王亮根等(2016) |
诏安湾及毗邻海域 | 2015.08—2015.10 | 505 | 54 | 421.00 | 144.5 | 2.80 | - | 戴红等(2018) |
南澳岛东部海域 | 2014.09—2016.07 | 505 | 94 | 233.48 | 94.8 | 3.51 | 0.67 | 本文 |
注: “-”表示在该调查中未进行计算; 柘林湾的总生物量是指干重, 其他海湾的生物量是指湿重 |
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