基于风暴水流能量分布对海南岛小东海珊瑚巨砾成因的分析*
王媛琪(1997—), 女, 上海市人, 硕士研究生, 主要从事海洋沉积动力学研究。email: |
Copy editor: 姚衍桃
收稿日期: 2020-08-22
修回日期: 2020-11-17
网络出版日期: 2020-12-01
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(41530962)
国家自然科学基金项目(41706095)
国家自然科学基金项目(41706096)
版权
Interpreting the origin of coastal boulders on a coral reef flat at Xiaodonghai of Hainan Island based on storm wave energy analysis
Copy editor: YAO Yantao
Received date: 2020-08-22
Revised date: 2020-11-17
Online published: 2020-12-01
Supported by
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41530962)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41706095)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41706096)
Copyright
波致水流的能量差异有助于风暴和海啸巨砾的区分。本文基于这一思路, 进行风暴波浪和波致水流的能量分析, 给出海岸珊瑚巨砾在风暴潮期间以推移质方式输运的动力学过程表达, 推算出风暴巨砾的理论输运距离。结合海南岛极端事件历史记录, 得出海南岛小东海风暴巨砾在礁坪的分布格局, 并与该海区的巨砾实际分布进行对比。结果表明, 小东海风暴巨砾分布与巨砾的质量、形状及风暴潮能量密切相关。研究区现场观测的大部分巨砾沉积分布符合风暴巨砾的理论空间分布格局, 因而判断其为风暴潮成因堆积。未来经过模拟假设条件的完善, 并构建相应海啸水流输运模式, 可形成用以区分风暴、海啸巨砾的完整判据。
王媛琪 , 杨阳 , 周亮 , 汪亚平 , 高抒 . 基于风暴水流能量分布对海南岛小东海珊瑚巨砾成因的分析*[J]. 热带海洋学报, 2021 , 40(4) : 110 -121 . DOI: 10.11978/2020093
Storm and tsunamis boulders may be distinguished by analyzing wave energy dissipation patterns. Here, we use the principles of storm energy conservation and the transport by storm-induced flow, to establish a theoretical distribution pattern of storm boulders on a coral reef flat. The movements of coral boulders with different sizes during a storm event are quantified, to derive their transport distances. The method is applied to the Xiaodonghai coral reef flat of Hainan Island, in combination with the information on historical typhoon events. The result is generally in agreement with the in situ records of the boulders, indicating that the deposition of the boulders is controlled by the storm energy level and the physical properties of the boulders, i.e., the boulder deposits at Xiaodonghai are caused by storm events. In the future, a combined analytical procedure may be established if the storm- and tsunami-induced transport theories are further improved, with improved assumptions for modelling.
图2 小东海西南沿岸珊瑚礁坪a. 18块典型巨砾(XD01~XD18)的分布, 图中各巨砾的编号以01~18标示; b. 小东海西南沿岸珊瑚礁坪卫星图, 底图来自Google Earth; c. 编号为XD01的巨砾特征 Fig. 2 Distribution of 18 typical boulders on the coral reef flat at Xiaodonghai (a); satellite image of the coral reef flat (with the base image from Google Earth) (b); and (c) characteristics of No. XD01 boulder |
图3 风暴潮作用下珊瑚巨砾在礁坪上的运动过程a. 珊瑚巨砾运动过程示意图; b. AB段运动过程中巨砾在水平方向上的受力; c. BC段运动过程中巨砾在水平方向上的受力 Fig. 3 The movements of coral boulders on the platform under the action of storm surge: (a) the movement from A to B and finally to C; (b) the horizontal forces exerted on the boulder in the segment AB; and (c) the horizontal forces in the segment BC |
表1 小东海西南沿岸礁平台巨砾参数Tab. 1 Boulder parameters of a reef flat in the southwest coast of Xiaodonghai |
巨砾编号 | 长轴长度/m | 中轴长度/m | 短轴长度/m | Corey形状因子 | 质量/kg | 巨砾位置与礁坪前缘的距离/m |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
XD01 | 2.94 | 2.58 | 2.11 | 0.8 | 19820 | 64.6 |
XD02 | 1.83 | 1.82 | 1.18 | 0.6 | 4914 | 53.8 |
XD03 | 2.15 | 1.72 | 1.19 | 0.6 | 6370 | 46.5 |
XD04 | 1.63 | 1.34 | 1.21 | 0.8 | 3986 | 47.6 |
XD05 | 1.88 | 1.67 | 1.22 | 0.7 | 5587 | 40.2 |
XD06 | 2.53 | 2.44 | 1.67 | 0.7 | 8627 | 31.8 |
XD07 | 2.29 | 1.85 | 1.19 | 0.6 | 6625 | 49.2 |
XD08 | 2.48 | 2.30 | 1.51 | 0.6 | 6334 | 43.1 |
XD09 | 3.47 | 1.93 | 1.39 | 0.5 | 6479 | 57.1 |
XD010 | 2.15 | 1.91 | 1.27 | 0.6 | 4350 | 70.6 |
XD011 | 2.83 | 2.46 | 1.64 | 0.6 | 9335 | 32.6 |
XD012 | 2.48 | 2.46 | 1.61 | 0.6 | 8427 | 37.1 |
XD013 | 3.12 | 2.47 | 1.17 | 0.4 | 9682 | 39.4 |
XD014 | 2.61 | 2.25 | 1.54 | 0.6 | 7225 | 57.1 |
XD015 | 3.34 | 2.23 | 1.48 | 0.5 | 9045 | 71.9 |
XD016 | 2.72 | 2.61 | 1.61 | 0.6 | 10683 | 116.0 |
XD017 | 3.10 | 2.22 | 1.31 | 0.5 | 7680 | 84.2 |
XD018 | 3.16 | 3.02 | 1.62 | 0.5 | 13777 | 72.0 |
表2 风暴巨砾在礁坪上起动后的理论搬运距离Tab. 2 Theoretical transport distances of storm boulders after mobilization on the reef flat |
Corey形状因子 | 巨砾质量/(×103kg) | 波高H=13m时的理论搬运距离/m | 波高H=6m时的理论搬运距离/m |
---|---|---|---|
0.4 | 0.1 | 277.8 | 60.0 |
1 | 127.6 | 28.1 | |
5 | 76.4 | 17.4 | |
10 | 61.7 | 14.3 | |
15 | 54.4 | 12.8 | |
20 | 49.9 | 12.0 | |
0.6 | 0.1 | 285.6 | 61.7 |
1 | 136.2 | 30.0 | |
5 | 81.1 | 18.3 | |
10 | 65.5 | 15.1 | |
15 | 57.6 | 13.5 | |
20 | 52.8 | 12.5 | |
0.8 | 0.1 | 299.2 | 64.6 |
1 | 139.4 | 30.6 | |
5 | 83.7 | 18.9 | |
10 | 67.2 | 15.5 | |
15 | 59.3 | 13.8 | |
20 | 54.3 | 12.8 |
表3 小东海野外实测巨砾在风暴潮作用下的理论空间分布范围与实测距离Tab. 3 Theoretical spatial distribution and measured distances of boulders at Xiaodonghai |
巨砾编号 | 最小理论搬运距离/m | 最大理论搬运距离/m | 巨砾与礁坪前缘的实测距离/m |
---|---|---|---|
XD01 | 12.9 | 54.4 | 64.6 |
XD02 | 18.5 | 82.3 | 53.8 |
XD03 | 17.2 | 75.5 | 46.5 |
XD04 | 20.2 | 89.9 | 47.6 |
XD05 | 18.0 | 78.7 | 40.2 |
XD06 | 15.9 | 69.5 | 31.8 |
XD07 | 17.0 | 74.8 | 49.2 |
XD08 | 17.2 | 75.8 | 43.1 |
XD09 | 16.6 | 72.8 | 57.1 |
XD010 | 19.1 | 84.8 | 70.6 |
XD011 | 15.4 | 66.9 | 32.6 |
XD012 | 16.0 | 70.0 | 37.1 |
XD013 | 14.5 | 62.3 | 39.4 |
XD014 | 16.5 | 74.5 | 57.1 |
XD015 | 15.1 | 65.6 | 71.9 |
XD016 | 14.8 | 64.1 | 116.0 |
XD017 | 16.2 | 68.8 | 84.2 |
XD018 | 13.5 | 57.5 | 72.0 |
表4 巨砾被搬运至实测距离所需的风暴潮海浪波高Tab. 4 Storm surge wave height required for boulder transport to measured distance |
巨砾编号 | 巨砾与礁坪前缘的实测距离/m | 风暴潮海浪波高/m |
---|---|---|
XD01 | 64.6 | 14.2 |
XD015 | 71.9 | 13.5 |
XD016 | 116.0 | 17.8 |
XD017 | 84.2 | 14.3 |
XD018 | 72.0 | 14.6 |
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