西沙海域甘泉岛和全富岛海滩上的塑料垃圾与微塑料分布特征
方周(1996—), 男, 河北省邢台市人, 主要从事南海环境地质研究。email: |
Copy editor: 殷波
收稿日期: 2020-11-20
要求修回日期: 2021-03-02
网络出版日期: 2021-03-10
基金资助
中科院先导专项(XDA13010103)
中科院先导专项(XDA13020101)
南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(广州)人才团队引进重大专项(GML2019ZD0404)
南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(广州)人才团队引进重大专项(GML2019ZD0206)
中国科学院南海生态环境工程创新研究院自主部署项目(ISEE2019ZR03)
中国科学院南海生态环境工程创新研究院自主部署项目(ISEE2018PY01)
版权
Distribution characteristics of plastic debris and microplastics on the beaches of Ganquan Island and Quanfu Island in Xisha Sea
Copy editor: YIN Bo
Received date: 2020-11-20
Request revised date: 2021-03-02
Online published: 2021-03-10
Supported by
Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA13010103)
Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA13020101)
Key Special Project for Introduced Talents Team of Southern Marine Science and Engineering, Guangdong Laboratory(Guangzhou)(GML2019ZD0404)
Key Special Project for Introduced Talents Team of Southern Marine Science and Engineering, Guangdong Laboratory(Guangzhou)(GML2019ZD0206)
Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences(ISEE2019ZR03)
Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences(ISEE2018PY01)
Copyright
塑料污染现象在世界各地海滩随处可见, 日益成为海洋环境中的重要威胁。文章调查了西沙海域甘泉岛和全富岛海滩的塑料污染分布情况, 结果显示, 尽管研究区域远离大陆, 人类活动影响较小, 但是海岛海滩上的塑料污染普遍存在, 塑料垃圾(>5mm)的平均分布丰度为(85.07±70.48)个∙m-2, 平均重量为(40.23±78.15)g∙m-2; 微塑料(<5mm)的平均分布丰度为(1774.75±1534.37)个∙m-2或(100.82±87.18)个∙kg-1。塑料垃圾和微塑料在不同海岛间的丰度分布均无显著性的差异, 但无论是塑料垃圾的丰度还是微塑料的丰度, 在环礁内侧海滩都显著高于环礁外侧海滩。此外, 微塑料的丰度分布与塑料垃圾的丰度分布呈显著的线性相关。红外光谱分析得出塑料聚合物主要成分有聚苯乙烯、聚丙烯和聚乙烯等, 其中以聚苯乙烯泡沫的比例占优。甘泉岛和全富岛海滩的塑料污染主要是通过其他地区的外源性塑料输送而来, 其在海岛上的不均匀空间分布受到区域海流作用、水动力条件、塑料降解等多种因素的影响。
方周 , 谭飞 , 杨红强 , 徐辉龙 , 徐向荣 , 李恒翔 . 西沙海域甘泉岛和全富岛海滩上的塑料垃圾与微塑料分布特征[J]. 热带海洋学报, 2021 , 40(5) : 123 -133 . DOI: 10.11978/2020137
Plastic pollution is ubiquitous on beaches throughout the world, which has become a threat to marine environment. However, plastic pollution in remote arears has been rarely reported. This study investigates the pollution and distribution of plastic waste on Ganquan Island and Quanfu Island in the Xisha Sea. Results show that plastic debris and microplastics were widespread over these island beaches, although these islands are far from the lands and direct impacts of human activities. The average abundance and weight of plastic debris were (85.07±70.48) item∙m-2and (40.23±78.15) g∙m-2, respectively, whereas the average abundance of microplastics was (1774.75±1534.37) item∙m-2or (100.82±87.18) item∙kg-1. The abundance of plastic debris or microplastics was not statistically different between Ganquan Island and Quanfu Island, but plastic debris and microplastics along the inner atoll were more than those around the outer atoll of the islands. There was a significant linear correlation in the abundances of microplastics and plastic debris. Infrared spectroscopy analysis shows that the main polymer components including polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene, etc., especially polystyrene foam that had a higher number in the samples. Plastic debris and microplastics in the uninhabited islands of Xisha might have been transported from other areas, and their spatial distributions around the islands had been affected by multiple forces, such as ocean currents, hydrodynamic condition and plastic fragments.
Key words: microplastic; plastic debris; island; pollution; distribution
图1 采样站点图a. 南海区域图; b. 永乐环礁; c. 甘泉岛; d. 全富岛。图中蓝色五角星表示位于环礁外侧的站点, 红色三角形表示位于环礁内侧的站点。图a依据审图号GS(2016) 2937底图制作, 图b~d根据google卫星遥感图像制作 Fig. 1 Map of the sampling stations, where blue star represents the site outside the atoll and red triangle represents the site inside the atoll. The left panel is from the base map of GS(2016) 2937, and the rest are from remote sensing images of Google Earth |
图2 甘泉岛(a)和全富岛(b)海滩不同站点的塑料丰度分布Fig. 2 Distributions of plastic abundance at different sites of Ganquan Island (a) and Quanfu Island (b). Based on Google remote sensing images |
图4 甘泉岛和全富岛海滩上塑料垃圾(a)和微塑料(b)的丰度分布图中棱形为异常值 Fig. 4 Abundance distributions of plastic debris (a) and microplastics (b) on the beaches of Ganquan Island and Quanfu Island |
图6 甘泉岛和全富岛塑料垃圾和微塑料的形状分布a. 甘泉岛塑料垃圾; b. 甘泉岛微塑料; c. 全富岛塑料垃圾; d. 全富岛微塑料 Fig. 6 Morphological distributions of plastic debris and microplastics in Ganquan Island and Quanfu Island. (a) Plastic debris in Ganquan Island; (b) microplastics in Ganquan Island; (c) plastic debris in Quanfu Island; and (d) microplastics in Quanfu Island |
图7 甘泉岛和全富岛塑料垃圾和微塑料的颜色分布a. 甘泉岛塑料垃圾; b. 甘泉岛微塑料; c. 全富岛塑料垃圾; d. 全富岛微塑料 Fig. 7 Color distributions of plastic debris and microplastics in Ganquan Island and Quanfu Island. (a) Plastic debris in Ganquan Island; (b) microplastics in Ganquan Island; (c) plastic debris in Quanfu Island; and (d) microplastics in Quanfu Island |
图8 甘泉岛和全富岛塑料垃圾和微塑料的组分分布a. 甘泉岛塑料垃圾; b. 甘泉岛微塑料; c. 全富岛塑料垃圾; d. 全富岛微塑料。PE为聚乙烯, PP为聚丙烯, PS为聚苯乙烯, PET为聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯 Fig. 8 Types of plastic waste and microplastics in Ganquan Island and Quanfu Island. (a) Plastic debris in Ganquan Island; (b) microplastics in Ganquan Island; (c) plastic debris in Quanfu Island; and (d) microplastics in Quanfu Island |
图10 甘泉岛和全富岛的典型塑料垃圾成分a. 聚苯乙烯泡沫; b. 聚丙烯碎片; c. 聚苯乙烯块状泡沫; d. 聚丙烯渔线; e. 聚乙烯薄膜; f. 聚乙烯碎片 Fig. 10 Typical plastic debris from Ganquan Island and Quanfu Island. (a) PS foam; (b) fragmented PP; (c) massive PS foam; (d) PP linear; (e) PE film; and (f) fragmented PE |
表1 本研究与其他研究的海滩微塑料数据比较Tab. 1 Comparison of beach microplastics in different studies |
调查区域 | 滤膜孔径/μm | 微塑料丰度 | 微塑料主要成分 | 微塑料主要形状 | 参考文献 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
中国香港沿岸 | 315 | 5595个∙m-2 | EPS | 泡沫、碎片 | Fok等(2015) |
马尔代夫 | 50 | 22.7个∙m-2 | PE、PP、PS | 碎片、泡沫 | Saliu等(2018) |
马尔代夫 | 0.2 | 1029个∙m-2 | PS、PE、PP | 泡沫、碎片、薄膜 | Imhof等(2017) |
秘鲁沿岸 | 1000 | 174.1个∙m-2 | PS | 泡沫、碎片 | De-la-Torre等(2020) |
韩国沿岸 | 1000 | 918.7个∙m-2 | PS | 泡沫、纤维 | Lee等(2015) |
危地马拉沿岸 | 1000 | 279个∙m-2 | PS、PP、PE | 泡沫、碎片 | Mazariegos-Ortíz等(2020) |
新西兰沿岸 | 300 | 459个∙m-2 | 纤维素、PE | 纤维、碎片、薄膜 | Bridson等(2020) |
西沙偏远海岛 | 20 | 1774.75个∙m-2 | PS、PE、PP | 泡沫、碎片、纤维 | 本研究 |
渤海沿岸 | 10 | 102.9~163.3个∙kg-1 | PEVA、LDPE、 PS | 碎片、薄片 | Yu等(2016) |
厦门湾沿岸 | / | 28.1~312. 7个∙kg-1 | PE、PS | 泡沫、碎片、纤维 | 刘启明等(2019) |
象山港沿岸 | 10 | 1739个∙kg-1 | PE泡沫、PE渔网 | 泡沫 | Chen等(2018) |
长江口沿岸 | 20 | 121个∙kg-1 | 尼龙、PE | 纤维 | Peng等(2017) |
加勒比海沿岸 | 0.45 | 261个∙kg-1 | / | 纤维 | Bosker等(2018) |
西沙偏远海岛 | 20 | 100.82个∙kg-1 | PS、PE、PP | 泡沫、碎片、纤维 | 本研究 |
注: PE为聚乙烯, PP为聚丙烯, PS为聚苯乙烯, PET为聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯, PEVA为聚乙烯—醋酸乙烯酯, LDPE为低密度聚乙烯, EPS为聚苯乙烯泡沫, / 表示缺乏相关数据 |
[1] |
何蕾, 黄芳娟, 殷克东, 等, 2018. 海洋微塑料作为生物载体的生态效应[J]. 热带海洋学报, 37(4):1-8.
|
[2] |
刘启明, 梁海涛, 锡桂莉, 等, 2019. 厦门湾海滩微塑料污染特征[J]. 环境科学, 40(3):1217-1221.
|
[3] |
王道儒, 侍茂崇, 南峰, 2012. 西沙群岛潮、余流特征研究[J]. 中国海洋大学学报, 42(10):1-9.
|
[4] |
赵新月, 熊宽旭, 周倩, 等, 2020. 黄海桑沟湾潮滩塑料垃圾与微塑料组成和来源研究[J]. 海洋环境科学, 39(4):529-536.
|
[5] |
|
[6] |
|
[7] |
|
[8] |
|
[9] |
|
[10] |
|
[11] |
|
[12] |
|
[13] |
|
[14] |
|
[15] |
|
[16] |
|
[17] |
|
[18] |
|
[19] |
|
[20] |
|
[21] |
|
[22] |
|
[23] |
|
[24] |
|
[25] |
|
[26] |
|
[27] |
|
[28] |
|
[29] |
|
[30] |
|
[31] |
|
[32] |
|
/
〈 | 〉 |