西沙群岛珊瑚礁海域浮游动物群落结构初步分析*
李开枝(1977—), 女, 河南省商城县人, 研究员, 从事浮游动物多样性和生态学研究。email: |
收稿日期: 2021-03-25
修回日期: 2021-05-17
网络出版日期: 2021-05-24
基金资助
国家自然科学基金(41976112)
国家自然科学基金(31971432)
Preliminary study on the community structure of zooplankton in coral reef waters of Xisha Islands*
Received date: 2021-03-25
Revised date: 2021-05-17
Online published: 2021-05-24
Supported by
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41976112)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(31971432)
为了解西沙群岛珊瑚礁海域浮游动物的群落特征, 于2015年5月末至7月初在西沙群岛8个岛礁(七连屿、永兴岛和东岛3个岛屿以及浪花礁、盘石屿、玉琢礁、华光礁和北礁5个环礁)进行了浮游动物采样, 分析了浮游动物的多样性、丰度和群落结构特征, 并比较了5个环礁潟湖内和向海礁坡区浮游动物群落组成的差异。调查海域共鉴定浮游动物180种(包括浮游幼虫13个类群), 其中桡足类最多, 达83种, 其次是水母类(38种)、浮游软体类(14种)、毛颚类(11种)和浮游被囊类(7种); 浮游动物平均丰度为256.4±117.8个·m-3, 桡足类占总丰度的51.08%, 其次是浮游幼虫(16.30%)、浮游被囊类(13.22%)和毛颚类(7.70%)。浮游动物种数、多样性和均匀度指数、丰度在岛屿和环礁之间以及环礁的潟湖区和向海礁坡区均存在差异; 浮游动物多样性和丰度在东岛、玉琢礁和华光礁较高, 而在七连屿和北礁较低; 5个环礁向海礁坡区的浮游动物多样性和丰度皆高于潟湖区的。多元统计分析结果表明调查岛礁的浮游动物可划分两个聚群(相似水平85%); 岛屿近岸及环礁的潟湖群落(Ⅰ)和岛屿远岸及环礁的向海礁坡群落(Ⅱ); 两个聚群浮游动物组成差异较显著(r=0.832, p<0.001); 前者的种数、多样性指数、总丰度和主要浮游动物类群如桡足类、毛颚类和浮游幼虫的丰度显著低于后者。环礁潟湖区和向海礁坡区的空间异质性和生态环境差异可能是导致浮游动物群落结构呈现不同特征的主要因素。
李开枝 , 柯志新 , 王军星 , 谭烨辉 . 西沙群岛珊瑚礁海域浮游动物群落结构初步分析*[J]. 热带海洋学报, 2022 , 41(2) : 121 -131 . DOI: 10.11978/2021036
Zooplankton were sampled in coral reef waters from three islands (Qilianyu, Yongxing and Dong islands) and five atolls (Langhua, Panshi, Yuzhuo, Huaguang, and North atolls) around the Xisha Islands from May to July, 2015 in order to understand the community structure of zooplanktonin the region. The aims of this study are to analyze the species diversity, abundance distribution and community structure of zooplankton, and to compare the differences in zooplankton community between the lagoon and seaward reef-slope waters among the five atolls. A total of 180 species of zooplankton including 13 groups of planktonic larvae were identified, among which the greatest species number was the copepods with 80 species, followed by the hydromedusae, pelagic mollusca, chaetognaths and pelagic tunicates. The average abundance of zooplankton was 256.4 ± 117.8 ind·m-3, among which copepods accounted for 51.08% of the total abundance, followed by planktonic larvae (16.30%), pelagic tunicates (13.22%) and chaetognaths (7.70%). Differences in zooplankton species, diversity, evenness index, and abundance between islands and atolls, as well as in the lagoon and seaward reef-slope of five atolls, were observed. The diversity and abundance of zooplankton were relatively high in Dong Island, Yuzhuo Atoll and Huaguang Atoll, but low in Qilianyu and North atolls. They were higher in the seaward reef-slope regions than in the lagoons of the five atolls. Two major assembled groups were distinguished into the atoll lagoon-island and nearshore group, and the seaward reef slope-island and offshore group at the similarity of 85%. A significant difference in the two zooplankton assemblages was observed (r=0.832, p<0.001). The former group was characterized by low values of species richness, diversity index, total abundance, and abundances of main groups such as copepods, chaetognaths and planktonic larvae compared with the latter group. The heterogeneity and ecological environment differences between the atoll lagoon and seaward reef-slope waters may be the main factors determining the zooplankton community structure around the Xisha Islands.
Key words: zooplankton; diversity; spatial pattern; coral reefs; South China Sea
表1 西沙群岛珊瑚礁海域浮游动物调查岛屿和环礁的站数及其站位信息Tab.1 Information of investigated stations of zooplankton in coral reef waters of Xisha Islands |
类型 | 岛礁 | 站数 | 站位位置 | 站号 | 调查时间(日/月) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
岛屿 | 七连屿 | 4 | 远岸4个 | I1~I4(*) | 29/06—30/06 |
永兴岛 | 5 | 远岸3个, 近岸2个 | I5~I7(*), I8~I9(☓) | 01/07—02/07 | |
东岛 | 4 | 远岸4个 | I10~I13(*) | 16/06 | |
环礁 | 浪花礁 | 7 | 潟湖4个, 礁坡3个 | A1(●), A2~A4(●), A5~A7(○) | 31/05—01/06 |
盘石屿 | 8 | 潟湖5个, 礁坡3个 | A8~A12(▲), A13~A15(Δ) | 03/06—04/06 | |
玉琢礁 | 6 | 潟湖2个, 礁坡4个 | A16~A17(■), A18~A21(□) | 10/06—12/06 | |
华光礁 | 8 | 潟湖4个, 礁坡4个 | A22~A25(▼), A26~A29() | 06/06—08/06 | |
北礁 | 6 | 潟湖2个, 礁坡4个 | A30~A31(◆), A32~A35(◇) | 26/06—28/06 |
注: “☓”代表岛屿近岸调查站, “*”代表岛屿远岸调查站, “●、▲、■、▼和◆”代表环礁潟湖内调查站, “○、Δ、□、和◇”代表环礁向海礁坡调查站 |
表2 西沙群岛珊瑚礁海域调查岛礁浮游动物各类群组成的种数Tab. 2 Species richness and the percentage of zooplankton groups in coral reef waters of Xisha Islands |
类群 | 七连屿 | 永兴岛 | 东岛 | 浪花礁 | 盘石屿 | 玉琢礁 | 华光礁 | 北礁 | 合计 | 占百分比/% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
水螅水母类Hydromedusae | 3 | 6 | 8 | 5 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 5 | 20 | 11.11 |
管水母类Siphonophores | 5 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 8 | 12 | 8 | 16 | 8.89 |
栉水母类Ctenophores | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1.11 |
浮游软体类Pelagic mollusca | 2 | 2 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 9 | 2 | 10 | 5.56 |
浮游多毛类 Pelagic Polychaeta | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 2.22 |
枝角类Cladocerans | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1.11 |
介形类Ostracods | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 1.67 |
端足类Amphipods | 0 | 4 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 6 | 3.33 |
桡足类Copepods | 56 | 73 | 60 | 65 | 69 | 72 | 75 | 61 | 83 | 46.11 |
磷虾类Euphausiacea | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.56 |
十足类Decapods | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1.11 |
毛颚类Chaetognaths | 5 | 7 | 10 | 10 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 8 | 11 | 6.11 |
浮游被囊类Pelagic tunicates | 7 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 4 | 7 | 3.89 |
浮游幼虫Planktonic larvae | 6 | 7 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 10 | 12 | 9 | 13 | 7.22 |
合计 | 88 | 111 | 112 | 121 | 123 | 124 | 142 | 104 | 180 | 100.00 |
表3 西沙群岛珊瑚礁海域岛礁浮游动物各类群的丰度及所占总丰度的百分比Tab. 3 Species richness and the percentage of zooplankton groups in coral reef waters of Xisha Islands |
类群 | 平均丰度/(个·m-3) | 百分比/% |
---|---|---|
水螅水母类Hydromedusae | 5.2±8.6 | 2.09 |
管水母类Siphonophores | 14.1±23.4 | 5.67 |
栉水母类Ctenophores | 0.1±0.2 | 0.02 |
浮游软体类Pelagic mollusca | 1.9±2.2 | 0.77 |
浮游多毛类Pelagic Polychaeta | 0.5±1.0 | 0.20 |
枝角类Cladocerans | 2.1±6.1 | 0.85 |
端足类Amphipods | 0.4±1.1 | 0.17 |
介形类Ostracods | 0.1±0.2 | 0.02 |
桡足类Copepods | 127.3±137.6 | 51.08 |
十足类Decapods | 0.5±1.4 | 0.18 |
磷虾类Euphausiacea | 4.3±7.6 | 1.72 |
毛颚类Chaetognaths | 19.2±27.5 | 7.70 |
浮游被囊类Pelagic tunicates | 33.0±58.6 | 13.22 |
浮游幼虫Planktonic larvae | 40.6±31.9 | 16.30 |
图4 西沙群岛海域调查岛礁浮游动物聚群的等级聚类分析图(a)和非参数多维标度排序图(b)图a中连接调查站的黑色实线表示调查站之间统计学上差异显著(p<0.05), 红色虚线表示调查站之间差异不显著(p>0.05)。“☓”代表岛屿近岸调查站, “*”代表岛屿远岸调查站, “●、▲、■、▼、◆”代表环礁潟湖内调查站, “○、△、□、▽、◇”代表环礁向海礁坡调查站 Fig. 4 Cluster analysis using the hierarchical agglomerative method employing group average linking of Bray-Curtis similarities (a), and non-multidimensional scaling ordination (nMDS), showing the relative position of stations based on the Bray-Curtis similarity index using lg(x+1) transformed species abundance data (b). Contours represent the 85% similarity level among stations. Black lines in (a) connect stations that are statistically distinct groups (p<0.05); red lines connect samples that are not statistically unique (p>0.05) |
表4 西沙群岛珊瑚礁海域岛礁两个聚群组成的比较(t检验法)Tab. 4 Comparison of the composition of two clustered groups of coral reefs in Xisha Islands (t-test) |
近岸及潟湖群落(Ⅰ) | 远岸及向海礁坡群落(Ⅱ) | T值 | 显著性(p) | 自由度(F) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
种数 | 17.00±8.00 | 63.00±18.00 | -10.225 | *** | 46 |
多样性指数 | 3.10±0.83 | 5.08±0.65 | -9.254 | *** | 46 |
均匀度 | 0.80±0.16 | 0.86±0.06 | -1.771 | n.s. | 46 |
丰度/(个·m-3) | 89.23±94.72 | 345.32±220.31 | -4.664 | *** | 46 |
水螅水母类 Hydromedusae | 0.46±1.10 | 8.07±9.88 | -3.242 | ** | 46 |
管水母类Siphonophores | 2.28±4.26 | 21.25±27.32 | -2.911 | ** | 46 |
桡足类Copepods | 21.92±14.61 | 190.60±140.12 | -5.069 | *** | 46 |
磷虾类Euphausiacea | 3.59±9.41 | 4.70±6.43 | -0.486 | n.s. | 46 |
毛颚类Chaetognaths | 1.56±2.94 | 29.78±30.47 | -3.901 | *** | 46 |
浮游被囊类Pelagic tunicates | 31.38±89.91 | 33.90±30.18 | -1.141 | n.s. | 46 |
浮游幼虫Planktonic larvae | 27.26±23.72 | 48.68±33.44 | -2.337 | * | 46 |
注: *表示p<0.05; **表示p<0.01; ***表示p<0.001; n.s.表示差异不显著 |
表5 浮游动物与环境因子的相关性系数Tab. 5 Correlation coefficients between zooplankton abundance/biomass and environmental factors |
因子 | 种数 | 丰度 | 多样性指数 | 均匀度指数 |
---|---|---|---|---|
温度 | -0.151 n.s. | 0.024 n.s. | -0.165 n.s. | -0.224 n.s. |
盐度 | -0.070 n.s. | 0.075 n.s. | -0.148 n.s. | -0.082 n.s. |
叶绿素a质量浓度 | -0.309* | -0.043 n.s. | -0.428** | -0.586*** |
注: *表示p<0.05, 相关性显著; ***表示p<0.001, 相关性极显著; n.s.表示相关性不显著 |
*感谢刘华健协助浮游动物拖网。
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