绿色海堤的沉积地貌与生态系统动力学原理: 研究综述*
高抒(1956—), 男, 浙江省温州市人, 主要从事海洋地质学研究。email: |
Copy editor: 姚衍桃
收稿日期: 2021-08-03
修回日期: 2021-09-11
网络出版日期: 2021-10-11
基金资助
国家自然科学基金重点项目(41530962)
上海市决策咨询委员会重点研究课题(2020-5)
Green sea dykes: an overview of their principles of sediment, geomorphology and ecosystem dynamics
Copy editor: YAO Yantao
Received date: 2021-08-03
Revised date: 2021-09-11
Online published: 2021-10-11
Supported by
Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(41530962)
Key Consultancy Study of the Shanghai Decision Making Advisory Committee(2020-5)
绿色海堤是传统结构工程与海岸生态系统共同组合而成的新型海堤, 用以应对未来海面上升、风暴加剧给低地海岸防护带来的挑战。需解决的问题主要有海岸生态系统消浪过程及生态系统在海堤体系中的配置方式。理论分析、现场观测、物模数模所获结果表明, 海岸生态系统确有显著的消浪功能: 1) 陆架泥区消浪, 其机制以再悬浮和浮泥运动为主, 底部摩擦为次; 2) 潮滩下部的粉砂细砂滩底部摩擦和推移质运动共同造成波能耗散, 而上部的泥滩则以再悬浮和悬沙输运为主; 3) 在盐沼、红树林、海草床等由植被构成的生态系统, 植物通过形态阻力、茎秆运动来阻滞水流、耗散波能, 其效能高于沉积物床面对波能的耗散; 4) 生物礁主要有珊瑚礁和牡蛎礁, 其消能作用主要通过床面摩擦和波浪破碎, 效能较高, 尤其是在风暴期间。生态系统如何成为海堤的有机组成部分, 尤其是侵蚀型海岸的生态位修复和绿色海堤整体设计, 还需进一步研究相关的科学问题: 与硬质工程结合的盐沼-牡蛎礁的适应性生物学; 未来环境变化条件下生态系统的稳定性; 绿色海堤生态系统空间配置及其与风暴事件的时间尺度匹配; 基于均衡剖面理论的海堤形态优化。
高抒 , 贾建军 , 于谦 . 绿色海堤的沉积地貌与生态系统动力学原理: 研究综述*[J]. 热带海洋学报, 2022 , 41(4) : 1 -19 . DOI: 10.11978/YG2021002
Green sea dyke represents a new concept of coastal defense, which combines traditional engineering structure with coastal ecosystem, to cope with the future trend of sea level rise and storm intensification. Before its application, however, the feasibility of such a system must be tested for low-lying coastal areas, where the risk of storm surge, storm-induced waves and shoreline erosion is greatest. The major issue is associated with the process of wave attenuation by the ecosystem and the way of using the ecosystem within the sea dyke system. For many years, wave energy dissipation has been an important research field for tidal flats, a typical environment of low-lying coasts, as well as beaches and rocky coast environments. Theoretical analysis, field observation and physical-mathematical modelling show that the coastal ecosystem indeed plays a significant role in wave energy dissipation: (1) resuspension and fluid mud movement dominate over bed friction in the mud area, in terms of wave height reduction; (2) wave attenuation occurs due to bed friction and bedload transport on the silt-sand flat at the lower part of the tidal flat, while on the upper mudflat it is caused mainly by re-suspension and suspended, fine-grained sediment transport; (3) in the vegetated ecosystems such as salt marsh, mangrove and seagrass beds, the efficiency of plants in reducing flow velocity and dissipating wave energy is higher than that of bare flats, due to plant morphological resistance and stem movement; and (4) wave attenuation is high when passing through biological reefs (e.g., coral and oyster reefs), especially during storms, with bed surface friction and wave breaking being the major mechanisms. Although the wave attenuation theory has been established, the optimization of the way the ecosystem is used within the sea dyke system requires further investigations, especially the techniques of ecological niche reconstruction on eroding coasts and the design of the sea dyke to improve structure safety. The relevant scientific problems include: adaptive biology for salt marsh plants and oysters in conjunction with hard engineering; stability of ecosystem in response to future environmental change; spatial configuration of ecosystem in the green sea dyke and the match between the ecosystem life cycle and the temporal scales of storm events; and the optimization of the sea dyke configuration, on the basis of the equilibrium coastal profile theory.
图1 绿色海堤构成的示意图[改绘自高抒(2020)]硬质结构由挡水堤和抗浪堤组成, 盐沼、红树林、生物礁分布于海堤系统中, 用以耗散波能、保护海堤结构、促进生态修复 Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of the green sea dyke: the hard structure consists of the dykes against flooding and wave attack, respectively; salt marshes or mangroves and reefs are allocated within the system to dissipate wave energy and protect the hard structure (modified from Gao, 2020) |
图2 岸线动态的4种可能情形a. 沉积物收支为正, 岸线向海推进; b. 沉积物收支为正, 岸线向陆退缩; c. 沉积物收支为负, 岸线向陆退缩; d. 沉积物收支为负, 岸线向海推进 Fig. 2 Four possible scenarios of shoreline dynamics: (a) positive sediment budget, with shoreline advancing to seaward; (b) positive sediment budget, with shoreline retreating to landward; (c) negative sediment budget, with shoreline retreatment; and (d) negative sediment budget, with shoreline advancement. The solid line represents the initial state, and the dotted line denotes the changing state |
图3 江苏潮滩牡蛎的生长环境照片(作者拍摄)a. 半固结状态泥底(江苏如东潮滩, 2007年4月25日); b. 地貌较稳定的潮水沟(江苏王港潮滩, 2003年7月4日); c. 互花米草植株主干(江苏王港潮滩, 2006年4月13日); d. 潮间带外缘(江苏海门潮滩, 2004年3月7日) Fig. 3 Photographs (taken by the authors) showing the growing environment of oyster over the Jiangsu tidal flats: (a) loosely consolidated mud bed (Rudong, 25th April, 2007); (b) tidal creeks with relatively stable morphology (Wanggang, 4th July, 2003); (c) lower parts of the Spartina alterniflora stems (Wanggang, 13th April, 2006); and (d) the outer edge of the intertidal zone (Haimen, 7th March, 2004) |
图4 荷兰海岸盐沼(光滩)消浪功能与盐沼(光滩)宽度的关系黑色点代表盐沼, 回归直线代表了盐沼的消浪比例和盐沼宽度的线性关系; 灰色星代表光滩; 各图中的数字自上而下为最高水位、最大波高和波高-水位比率; ZUI等英文缩写名称代表不同研究地点[据Willemsen等(2020)] Fig. 4 Linear relationship between wave energy dissipation and the width of salt marshes on the Dutch coast. Black dots denote salt marshes, and the regression lines denote the linear relationship between the wave energy dissipation ration and marsh width; gray stars denote bare flat; the three numbers in each panel denote, from top to bottom, the extreme water level, extreme wave height and the wave height/water level ratio; “ZUI” and the other abbreviations denote the name of different observation locations (after Willemsen et al, 2020) |
图5 侵蚀海岸修复潮滩生态的流程a. 海堤前设置透水式水下防波堤; b. 待修复潮滩前缘布设护坡块体; c. 人工填砂、悬沙天然堆积; d. 盐沼和牡蛎礁生态位形成 Fig. 5 A proposed procedure of restoring tidal flats on an eroding coast: (a) the installation of underwater breakwater; (b) slope protection measures in the front of the tidal flat to be restored; (c) artificial sand replenishment, together with tidally induced accumulation of suspended sediment; and (d) the formation of salt marsh and oyster reef niches |
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