基于LUCC和景观格局变化的广西山口红树林湿地动态研究

doi:10.11978/2023103

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

本研究在2022年广西山口国家级红树林生态自然保护区(以下简称山口红树林保护区)实地调查数据的基础上, 选取1987—2021年期间6个时相的遥感影像, 利用面向对象的图像分类方法, 解析土地利用/土地覆盖变化(land-use and land-cover change, LUCC)状况, 并基于LUCC计算景观格局指数(landscape pattern index, LPI), 结合LUCC着重探索广西山口红树林保护区湿地变化过程及其重要影响因素。结果表明: 从土地利用角度来看, 研究区近35年间地类之间不断转换, 其中耕地面积持续减少, 米草滩和养殖坑塘大比例增长, 米草滩主要侵占原沿海滩涂, 养殖坑塘主要由林地和耕地转换而来; 就景观角度来看: 景观破碎度持续增加, 连通性逐渐降低, 景观形状逐渐变得复杂, 地类演替变得频繁; Pearson相关性分析表明, 沿海滩涂、米草滩和养殖坑塘的土地利用变化与景观指数之间存在极显著或显著的相关性。在过去35年中, 山口红树林保护区经历了重大的土地利用变化, 入侵物种(米草滩)和人为干扰(养殖坑塘)是影响该地区红树林湿地变化的主要因素, 也是景观破碎度持续增加的主要成因; 研究揭示了区域景观变化的影响因素, 对典型红树林生态系统的环境管理和保护工作提供理论依据。

关键词: 红树林湿地, 土地利用/土地覆盖变化, 景观格局, 人为干扰, 物种入侵

Abstract:

In this study, based on the field survey data of the Guangxi Shankou National Mangrove Ecological and Natural Reserve (hereinafter referred to as the Shankou Mangrove Reserve) in 2022, six time-phase remote sensing images during 1987—2021 were selected, and an object-oriented image classification method was used to analyze the status of the land-use and land-cover change (LUCC) and to calculate the landscape pattern index (LPI) based on the LUCC. This study combined LPI with LUCC to focus on exploring the wetland change process and its important influencing factors in the Guangxi Shankou Mangrove Reserve. There has been a continuous transition between land types over the past 35 years, including cultivated land continued to decrease, and Spartina alterniflora and aquaculture ponds increased, with Spartina alterniflora mainly encroaching on the former coastal mudflats, and aquaculture ponds mainly converted from forested land and cultivated land. In terms of landscape, landscape fragmentation increased, connectivity decreased, landscape shape became more complex, and landform succession became more frequent; Based on Pearson's correlation analysis, there were highly significant or significant correlations between land use change and landscape indices for coastal mudflats, mizuna mudflats, and aquaculture ponds. Significant land use changes have occurred in the Shankou Mangrove Reserve over the past 35 years, with invasive species (Spartina alterniflora) and anthropogenic disturbances (aquaculture ponds) being the main factors influencing changes in mangrove wetlands in the area, and the main contributors to the continued increase in landscape fragmentation. This study reveals the influencing factors of regional landscape changes, which can provide a theoretical basis for the environmental management and protection of typical mangrove ecosystems.

Key words: mangrove wetland, LUCC, landscape pattern, anthropogenic disturbance, species invasion

郑法, 黄福林, 陈泽恒, 丁伟品. 基于LUCC和景观格局变化的广西山口红树林湿地动态研究[J]. 热带海洋学报, 2024, 43(4): 165-173.

ZHENG Fa, HUANG Fulin, CHEN Zeheng, DING Weipin. Mangrove wetland dynamics in Shankou, Guangxi based on LUCC and landscape pattern change[J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2024, 43(4): 165-173.

图/表 9

图1

表1

图2

图3

表2

表3

山口红树林保护区1987—2021年土地转移矩阵"

年份	面积/hm²	1993年							总计	减少
年份	面积/hm²	耕地	红树林地	建设用地	林地	米草滩	沿海滩涂	养殖坑塘	总计	减少
1987年	耕地	1172.76	5.94	105.70	430.67	0.00	13.00	228.56	1956.63	783.86
	红树林地	0.54	421.12	0.00	13.61	0.30	260.32	24.26	720.15	299.03
	建设用地	3.75	0.20	111.73	33.32	0.00	5.10	22.53	176.63	64.91
	林地	10.32	16.02	26.04	672.98	0.00	6.20	7.18	738.74	65.76
	米草滩	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	16.21	0.00	0.00	16.21	0.00
	沿海滩涂	8.68	50.45	9.50	12.03	10.86	3910.60	27.14	4029.25	118.65
	养殖坑塘	0.41	3.51	25.55	5.38	0.00	33.99	286.42	355.26	68.84
总计		1196.46	497.23	278.52	1167.99	27.37	4229.21	596.08
新增		23.70	76.12	166.79	495.01	11.16	318.61	309.66
年份	面积/hm²	2002年							总计	减少
年份	面积/hm²	耕地	红树林地	建设用地	林地	米草滩	沿海滩涂	养殖坑塘	总计	减少
1993年	耕地	395.95	10.88	67.41	326.09	1.89	16.16	377.80	1196.19	800.24
	红树林地	5.64	421.30	2.82	10.10	1.28	30.51	25.35	496.98	75.69
	建设用地	57.55	8.47	54.53	30.41	0.00	8.62	118.72	278.30	223.77
	林地	395.61	9.87	13.08	578.63	0.14	5.62	164.53	1167.48	588.86
	米草滩	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	27.11	0.16	0.00	27.27	0.16
	沿海滩涂	2.24	223.28	8.21	3.72	134.92	3819.88	38.36	4230.61	410.74
	养殖坑塘	11.93	10.38	0.54	0.70	0.11	31.70	540.45	595.82	55.36
总计		868.91	684.19	146.58	949.66	165.45	3912.66	1265.21
新增		472.96	262.89	92.05	371.03	138.34	92.78	724.76
年份	面积/hm²	2009年							总计	减少
年份	面积/hm²	耕地	红树林地	建设用地	林地	米草滩	沿海滩涂	养殖坑塘	总计	减少
2002年	耕地	373.50	2.03	154.92	209.14	0.00	0.00	129.61	869.20	495.70
	红树林地	10.88	526.44	0.45	22.44	34.14	61.65	28.21	684.22	157.78
	建设用地	85.88	4.73	15.49	19.28	0.13	7.86	13.38	146.76	131.27
	林地	208.45	4.78	68.78	619.90	0.00	1.90	45.99	949.81	329.91
	米草滩	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.13	164.40	0.94	0.00	165.47	1.07
	沿海滩涂	8.06	79.43	1.97	15.84	101.79	3653.60	51.98	3912.67	259.07
	养殖坑塘	103.52	20.26	9.39	250.08	0.00	49.68	832.14	1265.07	432.93
总计		790.29	637.68	251.00	1136.81	300.47	3775.64	1101.31
新增		416.79	111.24	235.51	516.92	136.07	122.04	269.17
年份	面积/hm²	2016年							总计	减少
年份	面积/hm²	耕地	红树林地	建设用地	林地	米草滩	沿海滩涂	养殖坑塘	总计	减少
2009年	耕地	260.03	15.19	98.25	270.08	1.01	12.14	133.48	790.17	530.14
	红树林地	1.65	515.59	2.62	4.18	28.50	69.20	15.24	636.96	121.38
	建设用地	105.20	0.46	32.89	94.89	0.00	2.65	14.90	250.99	218.09
	林地	187.37	24.29	57.97	650.71	2.59	28.93	184.22	1136.09	485.38
	米草滩	0.69	29.52	0.14	0.00	248.72	21.23	0.00	300.30	51.58
	沿海滩涂	1.67	80.05	1.91	1.32	200.58	3444.77	44.70	3775.00	330.23
	养殖坑塘	40.06	81.11	60.32	89.20	1.49	57.95	770.60	1100.73	330.13
总计		596.66	746.21	254.10	1110.37	482.88	3636.88	1163.14
新增		336.64	230.62	221.20	459.66	234.16	192.11	392.54
年份	面积/hm²	2021年							总计	减少
年份	面积/hm²	耕地	红树林地	建设用地	林地	米草滩	沿海滩涂	养殖坑塘	总计	减少
2016年	耕地	288.49	6.73	58.83	228.37	0.45	0.23	12.82	595.92	307.43
	红树林地	0.88	644.78	6.52	6.50	26.16	23.76	37.12	745.72	100.94
	建设用地	68.27	4.17	83.94	42.90	1.09	2.60	50.27	253.24	169.30
	林地	207.86	15.02	41.64	766.35	0.21	1.46	76.18	1108.73	342.37
	米草滩	1.23	58.12	0.27	0.56	317.44	103.62	1.36	482.60	165.17
	沿海滩涂	3.69	109.86	16.23	5.15	119.93	3343.50	37.76	3636.11	292.62
	养殖坑塘	13.75	25.42	88.41	31.38	4.11	41.99	956.96	1162.03	205.06
总计		584.17	864.12	295.83	1081.20	469.39	3517.17	1172.47
新增		295.68	219.33	211.89	314.85	151.95	173.67	215.50

表3

图4

图5

表4

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影像类型	传感器	成像日期	波段数	分辨率/m	备注
LANDSAT_5	TM	1987-12-6	6	30	-
LANDSAT_5	TM	1993-12-6	6	30	-
LANDSAT_5	TM	2002-11-5	6	30	-
LANDSAT_5	TM	2009-1-16	6	30	-
LANDSAT_8	OLI_TIRS	2016-11-3	7	30/15	全色波段(15m)
LANDSAT_8	OLI_TIRS	2021-12-3	7	30/15	全色波段(15m)

		T₂				P_i+
		A₁	A₂	…	A_n	P_i+	减少
T₁	A₁	P₁₁	P₁₂	…	P_1n	P₁₊	P₁₊-P₁₁
	A₂	P₂₁	P₂₂	…	P_2n	P₂₊	P₂₊-P₂₂
	┆	┆	┆	┆	┆	┆	┆
	A_n	P_n1	P_n2	…	P_nn	P_n+	P_n+-P_nn
P_+j		P₊₁	P₊₂	…	P_+n-P_nn	1
新增		P₊₁-P₁₁	P₊₂-P₂₂	…	P_+n-P_nn

景观指数	耕地	红树林地	建设用地	林地	米草滩	沿海滩涂	养殖坑塘
斑块个数	−0.581	0.738	0.638	0.331	0.864*	−0.827*	0.419
斑块密度	−0.581	0.738	0.638	0.331	0.864*	−0.827*	0.419
蔓延度指数	0.861*	−0.659	−0.517	-0.509	−0.997**	0.948**	−0.788
香农多样性指数	−0.914*	0.575	0.460	0.559	0.961**	−0.917*	0.874*
分离度指数	−0.750	0.744	0.397	0.339	0.983**	−0.979**	0.727