南海九章环礁中牛轭礁和西门礁新生沙洲沉积特征与动态
作者简介:许眸莹(1991—), 女, 江苏省南京市人, 硕士研究生, 研究方向为海洋沉积动力学。E-mail: mg1627096@smail.nju.edu.cn
*南京大学中国南海研究协同创新中心南海科考队提供了牛轭礁和西门礁的表层沉积物样品。感谢审稿专家在本文写作与修改过程中给予的意见和指导。
Editor: 殷波
收稿日期: 2019-04-22
要求修回日期: 2019-10-15
网络出版日期: 2020-03-10
基金资助
国家自然科学基金重点项目(41530962)
中国科学院院士咨询项目(2016ZWH005A-005)
版权
Characteristics and morphodynamics of newly-formed coral debris deposits on the Niu’e and Ximen Reefs, Jiuzhang Atoll, South China Sea
Received date: 2019-04-22
Request revised date: 2019-10-15
Online published: 2020-03-10
Supported by
Key Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41530962)
Academician Consulting Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(2016ZWH005A-005)
Copyright
南沙群岛的珊瑚礁以环礁形式存在, 拥有各具特色的地貌形态。九章环礁中的牛轭礁和西门礁是两座发育有新生沙洲的环礁, 代表灰沙岛形成前一个重要的过渡性地貌演化阶段。这两处新生沙洲表层沉积物样品的粒度分析表明: 沉积物主要组分为珊瑚碎屑, 长轴中值粒径在14~45mm之间, 属于砾石级别; 样品分选系数在4.5~31之间, 分选性很差; 球度值为0.52~0.68, 球度差。粒度特征值中, 中值粒径具有随着到水边线距离的增大而升高的趋势, 而分选性和球度与距水边线距离关系不大。整体上中值粒径与分选系数呈正相关关系, 而与球度呈负相关关系。历史文献记载和卫星图像表明, 牛轭礁和西门礁上的新生沙洲都是近年来才形成的, 与风暴过程及冬季风有关。牛轭礁上沙洲向北迁移, 同时其长轴向东南方向延伸; 西门礁上沙洲整体向东南方向迁移, 并形成回弯形沙嘴形态。新生沙洲的出现与珊瑚碎屑物质供给变化或风暴浪作用变化的关系还需进一步探讨。
许眸莹 , 高抒 , 葛晨东 , 黄梅 . 南海九章环礁中牛轭礁和西门礁新生沙洲沉积特征与动态[J]. 热带海洋学报, 2020 , 39(2) : 44 -53 . DOI: 10.11978/2019041
Coral reefs over the Nansha Islands have characteristic geomorphological patterns; they exist in the form of atolls. The Niu’e (also known as Mckennan) and Ximen (Whitsum) reefs of the Jiuzhang Giant Atoll are two secondary atolls with newly-formed debris deposits, which may represent an important stage of landform evolution from a submerged atoll towards a reef island. Grain-size analysis of the surficial sediment samples collected from the two reefs shows that gravel-sized coral debris is the main component of the deposit. Medium grain sizes of the samples (measured by the long axis) range from 14 to 45 mm. Sorting coefficients range from 4.5 (being poorly sorted) to 31 with a sphericity value of 0.52 to 0.68 (far from a sphere shape). Medium grain sizes show a trend of increasing away from the shoreline. Medium grain sizes of the sediment samples are positively correlated with sorting coefficients, whereas they are more or less negatively correlated with sphericity values. Based on an analysis of historical records and satellite images, these beach ridge- or sand bar-like deposits represent modern accumulation landforms; their formations are related to storm waves and to some extent to the winter monsoon waves. The sand bar on the Niu’e reef had been extending towards the southeast and at the same time moving towards the north. The sand bar on the Ximen reef had an overall migration towards the southeast, with recurved sand spits on both sides. The mechanisms for the formulation of these features, in terms of changes in coral material supply and storm wave pattern, need further investigations.
图1 南海九章环礁研究区(a)及牛轭礁、西门礁采样点位置(b)图a中方框为研究区。岛/干出礁和暗礁边缘位置据OSM网站数据(http://www.openstreetmap.org) Fig. 1 Location of Jiuzhang Atoll and the sampling sites at Niu’e and Ximen reefs in the South China Sea. The seaward boundaries of the intertidal and underwater reef platforms are based on the OSM website (http://www.openstreetmap.org) |
表1 2012年至2018年影响九章环礁的热带气旋数据Tab. 1 Tropical cyclones affecting Jiuzhang Atoll during 2012-2018 |
编号 | 名称 | 日期/(年.月.日) | 中心气压/hpa | 中心风力/级 | 最大风速/(m·s-1) | 移动速度/(km·h-1) | 中心移动方向 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1224 | 宝霞(Bopha) | 2012.12.06 | 970 | 12 | 35 | 10 | 北西北 |
1330 | 海燕(Haiyan) | 2013.11.09 | 950 | 14 | 45 | 35 | 西北西 |
1331 | 杨柳(Podul) | 2013.11.14 | 1002 | 7 | 15 | 25 | 西 |
1421 | 森拉克(Sinlaku) | 2014.11.28 | 993 | 8 | 20 | 23~28 | 西北西 |
1723 | 达维(Damrey) | 2017.11.02-03 | 985 | 10~11 | 25~30 | 15~18 | 西/西南西 |
1726 | 启德(Kai-Tak) | 2017.12.19-20 | 995 | 8 | 18~20 | 18~20 | 西南西/南西 |
1727 | 天秤(Tembin) | 2017.12.24 | 970~975 | 12 | 33~35 | 23~25 | 西 |
1801 | 布拉万(Bolaven) | 2018.01.03 | 1000 | 8 | 18 | 22 | 西/西北西 |
注: 数据总结于typhoon.zjwater.gov.cn |
图2 采样剖面a. 牛轭礁NEJ-Ⅱ剖面采样点; b. 牛轭礁NEJ-Ⅲ剖面采样点; c. 牛轭礁NEJ-Ⅴ剖面采样点; d. 西门礁XMJ-Ⅰ剖面采样点 Fig. 2 Sediment sampling sites along the four profiles. (a) Niu’e reef, Profile NEJ-Ⅱ; (b) Niu’e reef, Profile NEJ-Ⅲ; (c) Niu’e reef, Profile NEJ-Ⅴ; and (d) Ximen reef, Profile XMJ-Ⅰ |
表2 九章环礁采样点数据及粒度、球度参数Tab. 2 Sampling site data, grain size parameters and sphericity values of Jiuzhang Atoll |
采样时间 | 岛礁名称 | 断面长度/m | 采样点编号 | 到水边线距离/m | 中值粒径/mm | 分选系数 | 球度 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2016 11.28 10:00 | 牛轭礁 | 18.9 | NEJ-Ⅱ-1 | 0 | 15.0 | 6.97 | 0.618 |
NEJ-Ⅱ-2 | 3 | 19.0 | 13.30 | 0.603 | |||
NEJ-Ⅱ-3 | 6 | 30.0 | 16.10 | 0.631 | |||
NEJ-Ⅱ-4 | 9 | 16.0 | 6.63 | 0.625 | |||
NEJ-Ⅱ-5 | 12 | 27.0 | 17.30 | 0.678 | |||
NEJ-Ⅱ-6 | 15 | 41.0 | 12.70 | 0.618 | |||
NEJ-Ⅱ-7 | 18 | 31.5 | 10.50 | 0.584 | |||
14 | NEJ-Ⅲ-1 | 0 | 15.0 | 7.07 | 0.641 | ||
NEJ-Ⅲ-2 | 3 | 16.0 | 10.50 | 0.630 | |||
NEJ-Ⅲ-3 | 6 | 18.0 | 11.30 | 0.608 | |||
NEJ-Ⅲ-4 | 9 | 25.0 | 11.00 | 0.639 | |||
NEJ-Ⅲ-5 | 12 | 20.0 | 14.10 | 0.640 | |||
58 | NEJ-Ⅴ-1 | 0 | 22.0 | 13.60 | 0.599 | ||
NEJ-Ⅴ-2 | 10 | 16.5 | 9.12 | 0.596 | |||
NEJ-Ⅴ-3 | 20 | 15.0 | 8.31 | 0.631 | |||
NEJ-Ⅴ-4 | 30 | 14.0 | 7.52 | 0.651 | |||
NEJ-Ⅴ-5 | 37 | 15.0 | 6.81 | 0.667 | |||
NEJ-Ⅴ-6 | 41 | 16.0 | 6.69 | 0.676 | |||
NEJ-Ⅴ-7 | 49 | 14.0 | 4.86 | 0.666 | |||
NEJ-Ⅴ-8 | 58 | 14.0 | 7.31 | 0.658 | |||
2016 11.29 12:43 | 西门礁 | 68.5 | XMJ-Ⅰ-1 | 0 | 22.5 | 21.40 | 0.526 |
XMJ-Ⅰ-2 | 5 | 19.0 | 13.30 | 0.634 | |||
XMJ-Ⅰ-3 | 10 | 32.0 | 20.90 | 0.612 | |||
XMJ-Ⅰ-4 | 15 | 15.0 | 12.70 | 0.657 | |||
XMJ-Ⅰ-5 | 20 | 28.5 | 16.20 | 0.565 | |||
XMJ-Ⅰ-6 | 24 | 35.5 | 17.10 | 0.610 | |||
XMJ-Ⅰ-8 | 26.5 | 22.0 | 11.10 | 0.625 | |||
XMJ-Ⅰ-9 | 28 | 33.0 | 13.80 | 0.602 | |||
XMJ-Ⅰ-10 | 31 | 41.0 | 15.50 | 0.610 | |||
XMJ-Ⅰ-11 | 34 | 43.0 | 15.30 | 0.621 | |||
XMJ-Ⅰ-12 | 36 | 26.5 | 15.10 | 0.625 | |||
XMJ-Ⅰ-13 | 39 | 44.0 | 30.60 | 0.644 | |||
XMJ-Ⅰ-14 | 43 | 23.5 | 15.10 | 0.616 | |||
XMJ-Ⅰ-15 | 49 | 32.5 | 17.10 | 0.611 | |||
XMJ-Ⅰ-16 | 51 | 22.5 | 10.20 | 0.623 | |||
XMJ-Ⅰ-17 | 57 | 35.0 | 21.20 | 0.538 | |||
XMJ-Ⅰ-18 | 60 | 17.0 | 7.71 | 0.641 | |||
XMJ-Ⅰ-19 | 64 | 14.0 | 11.90 | 0.679 | |||
XMJ-Ⅰ-20 | 68.5 | 21.0 | 11.20 | 0.604 |
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