南海九章环礁中牛轭礁和西门礁新生沙洲沉积特征与动态

doi:10.11978/2019041

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

南沙群岛的珊瑚礁以环礁形式存在, 拥有各具特色的地貌形态。九章环礁中的牛轭礁和西门礁是两座发育有新生沙洲的环礁, 代表灰沙岛形成前一个重要的过渡性地貌演化阶段。这两处新生沙洲表层沉积物样品的粒度分析表明: 沉积物主要组分为珊瑚碎屑, 长轴中值粒径在14~45mm之间, 属于砾石级别; 样品分选系数在4.5~31之间, 分选性很差; 球度值为0.52~0.68, 球度差。粒度特征值中, 中值粒径具有随着到水边线距离的增大而升高的趋势, 而分选性和球度与距水边线距离关系不大。整体上中值粒径与分选系数呈正相关关系, 而与球度呈负相关关系。历史文献记载和卫星图像表明, 牛轭礁和西门礁上的新生沙洲都是近年来才形成的, 与风暴过程及冬季风有关。牛轭礁上沙洲向北迁移, 同时其长轴向东南方向延伸; 西门礁上沙洲整体向东南方向迁移, 并形成回弯形沙嘴形态。新生沙洲的出现与珊瑚碎屑物质供给变化或风暴浪作用变化的关系还需进一步探讨。

关键词: 新生沙洲, 粒度, 珊瑚碎屑, 风暴浪作用, 九章环礁, 南海

Abstract:

Coral reefs over the Nansha Islands have characteristic geomorphological patterns; they exist in the form of atolls. The Niu’e (also known as Mckennan) and Ximen (Whitsum) reefs of the Jiuzhang Giant Atoll are two secondary atolls with newly-formed debris deposits, which may represent an important stage of landform evolution from a submerged atoll towards a reef island. Grain-size analysis of the surficial sediment samples collected from the two reefs shows that gravel-sized coral debris is the main component of the deposit. Medium grain sizes of the samples (measured by the long axis) range from 14 to 45 mm. Sorting coefficients range from 4.5 (being poorly sorted) to 31 with a sphericity value of 0.52 to 0.68 (far from a sphere shape). Medium grain sizes show a trend of increasing away from the shoreline. Medium grain sizes of the sediment samples are positively correlated with sorting coefficients, whereas they are more or less negatively correlated with sphericity values. Based on an analysis of historical records and satellite images, these beach ridge- or sand bar-like deposits represent modern accumulation landforms; their formations are related to storm waves and to some extent to the winter monsoon waves. The sand bar on the Niu’e reef had been extending towards the southeast and at the same time moving towards the north. The sand bar on the Ximen reef had an overall migration towards the southeast, with recurved sand spits on both sides. The mechanisms for the formulation of these features, in terms of changes in coral material supply and storm wave pattern, need further investigations.

Key words: newly-formed reef top deposits, grain size, coral debris, storm wave, Jiuzhang Atoll, South China Sea

中图分类号:

P737.11

许眸莹, 高抒, 葛晨东, 黄梅. 南海九章环礁中牛轭礁和西门礁新生沙洲沉积特征与动态[J]. 热带海洋学报, 2020, 39(2): 44-53.

Mouying XU, Shu GAO, Chendong GE, Mei HUANG. Characteristics and morphodynamics of newly-formed coral debris deposits on the Niu’e and Ximen Reefs, Jiuzhang Atoll, South China Sea[J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2020, 39(2): 44-53.

图/表 9

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编号	名称	日期/(年.月.日)	中心气压/hpa	中心风力/级	最大风速/(m·s^-1)	移动速度/(km·h^-1)	中心移动方向
1224	宝霞(Bopha)	2012.12.06	970	12	35	10	北西北
1330	海燕(Haiyan)	2013.11.09	950	14	45	35	西北西
1331	杨柳(Podul)	2013.11.14	1002	7	15	25	西
1421	森拉克(Sinlaku)	2014.11.28	993	8	20	23~28	西北西
1723	达维(Damrey)	2017.11.02-03	985	10~11	25~30	15~18	西/西南西
1726	启德(Kai-Tak)	2017.12.19-20	995	8	18~20	18~20	西南西/南西
1727	天秤(Tembin)	2017.12.24	970~975	12	33~35	23~25	西
1801	布拉万(Bolaven)	2018.01.03	1000	8	18	22	西/西北西

采样时间	岛礁名称	断面长度/m	采样点编号	到水边线距离/m	中值粒径/mm	分选系数	球度
2016 11.28 10:00	牛轭礁	18.9	NEJ-Ⅱ-1	0	15.0	6.97	0.618
			NEJ-Ⅱ-2	3	19.0	13.30	0.603
			NEJ-Ⅱ-3	6	30.0	16.10	0.631
			NEJ-Ⅱ-4	9	16.0	6.63	0.625
			NEJ-Ⅱ-5	12	27.0	17.30	0.678
			NEJ-Ⅱ-6	15	41.0	12.70	0.618
			NEJ-Ⅱ-7	18	31.5	10.50	0.584
		14	NEJ-Ⅲ-1	0	15.0	7.07	0.641
			NEJ-Ⅲ-2	3	16.0	10.50	0.630
			NEJ-Ⅲ-3	6	18.0	11.30	0.608
			NEJ-Ⅲ-4	9	25.0	11.00	0.639
			NEJ-Ⅲ-5	12	20.0	14.10	0.640
		58	NEJ-Ⅴ-1	0	22.0	13.60	0.599
			NEJ-Ⅴ-2	10	16.5	9.12	0.596
			NEJ-Ⅴ-3	20	15.0	8.31	0.631
			NEJ-Ⅴ-4	30	14.0	7.52	0.651
			NEJ-Ⅴ-5	37	15.0	6.81	0.667
			NEJ-Ⅴ-6	41	16.0	6.69	0.676
			NEJ-Ⅴ-7	49	14.0	4.86	0.666
			NEJ-Ⅴ-8	58	14.0	7.31	0.658
2016 11.29 12:43	西门礁	68.5	XMJ-Ⅰ-1	0	22.5	21.40	0.526
			XMJ-Ⅰ-2	5	19.0	13.30	0.634
			XMJ-Ⅰ-3	10	32.0	20.90	0.612
			XMJ-Ⅰ-4	15	15.0	12.70	0.657
			XMJ-Ⅰ-5	20	28.5	16.20	0.565
			XMJ-Ⅰ-6	24	35.5	17.10	0.610
			XMJ-Ⅰ-8	26.5	22.0	11.10	0.625
			XMJ-Ⅰ-9	28	33.0	13.80	0.602
			XMJ-Ⅰ-10	31	41.0	15.50	0.610
			XMJ-Ⅰ-11	34	43.0	15.30	0.621
			XMJ-Ⅰ-12	36	26.5	15.10	0.625
			XMJ-Ⅰ-13	39	44.0	30.60	0.644
			XMJ-Ⅰ-14	43	23.5	15.10	0.616
			XMJ-Ⅰ-15	49	32.5	17.10	0.611
			XMJ-Ⅰ-16	51	22.5	10.20	0.623
			XMJ-Ⅰ-17	57	35.0	21.20	0.538
			XMJ-Ⅰ-18	60	17.0	7.71	0.641
			XMJ-Ⅰ-19	64	14.0	11.90	0.679
			XMJ-Ⅰ-20	68.5	21.0	11.20	0.604

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