螺旋藻作为重要的经济微藻, 其活性物质的高效提取与综合利用是提升其产业附加值的关键。本研究探讨了不同提取顺序对螺旋藻中藻胆蛋白、油脂及多糖提取效率和品质特征的影响, 并进行了不同工艺的经济效益评估。综合低温搅拌法、95%乙醇提取法和热水提取法, 设计了6种提取顺序; 1)蛋白质-脂质-多糖(PLS); 2)蛋白质-多糖-脂质(PSL); 3)多糖-蛋白质-脂质(SPL); 4)多糖-脂质-蛋白质(SLP); 5)脂质-蛋白质-多糖(LPS); 6)脂质-多糖-蛋白质(LSP), 并通过紫外可见吸收光谱、三维荧光光谱、脂肪酸组成分析、单糖组成分析及红外光谱等技术手段, 评估各组分的提取效果。结果表明: 藻胆蛋白提取需优先进行(PLS组为68.29%、PSL组为66.77%), 加热或乙醇处理会导致其变性(提取率<8%); 油脂提取率受提取顺序的影响显著(LSP组为94.07%、PSL组为66.76%), 但脂肪酸组成稳定; 多糖提取率在蛋白质或油脂提取后显著下降(SPL组为71.80%、LSP组为39.90%、PSL组为19.57%), 但其结构保持稳定。藻渣成分分析显示, LPS组藻渣蛋白质含量最高, 达到71.4% DW。分步提取法可以用于藻蓝蛋白、螺旋藻油和螺旋藻多糖的提取, 但不同提取顺序对三种物质的提取率和理化特性具有一定的影响, PLS组(藻胆蛋白-油脂-多糖)可实现经济价值最大化(162元/公斤), 较原始藻粉(40元/公斤)提升近3倍。本研究为螺旋藻生物质资源的全组分高值化利用提供了理论依据与工艺优化方案。

As an important economic microalga, the efficient extraction and comprehensive utilization of bioactive compounds from Spirulina are crucial for enhancing its value. This study investigated the effects of different extraction sequences on the extraction efficiency, characteristics and economic benefits of phycobiliproteins, lipids, and polysaccharides from Spirulina. Six sequential extraction protocols were designed by integrating low-temperature stirring extraction (protein), 95% ethanol extraction (lipid) and hot water extraction (oolysaccharide), including 1) Protein-Lipid-Polysaccharide (PLS); 2) Protein-Polysaccharide-Lipid (PSL); 3) Polysaccharide-Protein-Lipid (SPL); 4) Polysaccharide-Lipid-Protein (SLP); 5) Lipid-Protein-Polysaccharide (LPS); and 6) Lipid-Polysaccharide-Protein (LSP). The extraction efficiency and characteristics of bioactive compounds were evaluated by using UV-Vis absorption spectra, three-dimensional fluorescence spectra, infrared spectra and fatty acid composition and monosaccharide composition. The results showed that phycobiliproteins should be extracted preferentially (yield: 68.29% in PLS, 66.77% in PSL), while heating or ethanol pretreatment induced its denaturation (yield<8%). Lipid extraction efficiency varied significantly with extraction sequence (94.07% in LSP vs. 66.76% in PSL), while the fatty acid composition remained stable. Polysaccharide extraction efficiency declined markedly after protein or lipid extraction (71.80% in SPL, 39.90% in LSP and 19.57% in PSL), yet their structural integrity was preserved. Residual biomass analysis revealed the highest protein content in LPS-treated microalgal residue (71.4% DW). Sequential extraction enabled the recovery of phycobiliproteins, lipids and polysaccharides, but the extraction order critically influenced both yields and physicochemical properties. The PLS sequence achieved the maximum economic value (162RMB/kg), tripling the value of raw Spirulina powder (40RMB/kg). This study provides theoretical and technical foundations for the full-component valorization of Spirulina biomass.