南海西沙海域冬季海水重金属质量浓度水平及来源分析*

doi:10.11978/2022129

热带海洋学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (2): 169-177.doi: 10.11978/2022129CSTR: 32234.14.2022129

南海西沙海域冬季海水重金属质量浓度水平及来源分析^*

董汉英¹(), 苏娟¹, 周声圳¹, 梁少霞², 陈观宇², 王凡¹^,³()

1.中山大学大气科学学院, 广东珠海 519082
2.珀金埃尔默企业管理(上海)有限公司, 广东广州 510370
3.南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海), 广东珠海 519082

收稿日期:2022-06-08 修回日期:2022-09-06 出版日期:2023-03-10 发布日期:2022-09-14
通讯作者: 王凡。email: wangfan25@mail.sysu.edu.cn
作者简介:
董汉英(1967—), 女, 高级实验师, 主要研究方向为环境化学。email: eesdhy@mail.sysu.edu.cn
*感谢中山大学海洋科学考察中心和“中山大学”号科考船提供的采样和数据支撑。
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(U21A6001); 国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFC0402604)

Investigating the contents and sources of heavy metals in winter season in the Xisha waters of South China Sea^*

DONG Hanying¹(), SU Juan¹, ZHOU Shengzhen¹, LIANG Shaoxia², CHEN Guanyu², WANG Fan¹^,³()

1. School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 519082, China
2. PerkinElmer, Inc., Guangzhou 510370, China
3. Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China

Received:2022-06-08 Revised:2022-09-06 Online:2023-03-10 Published:2022-09-14
Contact: WANG Fan. email: wangfan25@mail.sysu.edu.cn
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21A6001); National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFC0402604)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为开展南海西沙海域海水重金属质量浓度水平测定及来源分析, 2021年12月采集了西沙海域6个站位的0 ~ 200m深度分层海水样品共24个。6个站位的温度、盐度、浊度、溶解氧、有色可溶性有机质和叶绿素的垂直剖面数据由盐温深测量系统现场测定。海水样品中的重金属质量浓度采用电感耦合等离子体-质谱仪进行测定, 各站位Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Ni、Cr、As、Fe、Mn的质量浓度平均值范围分别为0.22 ~ 20.79µg·L^-1、未检出~ 0.25µg·L^-1、1.90 ~ 15.90µg·L^-1、0.13 ~ 0.17µg·L^-1、0.54 ~ 1.31µg·L^-1、0.29 ~ 0.33µg·L^-1、2.93 ~ 3.17µg·L^-1、0.39 ~ 1.23µg·L^-1、0.35 ~ 1.14µg·L^-1; Hg在各站位均未检出。仅有D2 ~ D4站位的5m层海水中Cu或Zn浓度超过国家海水水质一类标准(GB 3097-1997), 重金属的水平和垂向空间分布特征受陆源输送、环境因子和人类活动等影响。主成分分析结果表明西沙海域海水中重金属主要存在3类来源: 船舶排放、陆源农业径流、陆源碎屑和工业生产排放。文章中的海水重金属质量浓度基本在南海海域前人报道值范围内, 但表层海水中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd质量浓度与1998年南海海域背景值比较有数量级的升高, 可能反映了近年来区域日益增强的人类活动的影响。

关键词: 重金属, 船舶污染, 西沙海域, 来源分析

Abstract:

In order to investigate the contents and sources of heavy metals in the Xisha waters in the South China Sea, 24 seawater samples at six sites were collected in December of 2021. Vertical profiles of temperature, salinity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, colored soluble organic matter and chlorophyll were determined by Conductivity-Temperature-Depth instrument. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used to measure the contents of heavy metals in seawater samples, and the average Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Ni, Cr, As, Fe and Mn contents were 0.22~20.79 µg·L^-1, n.d. (not detected) ~0.25 µg·L^-1, 1.90~15.90 µg·L^-1, 0.13~0.17 µg·L^-1, 0.54~1.31 µg·L^-1, 0.29~0.33 µg·L^-1, 2.93~3.17 µg·L^-1, 0.39~1.23 µg·L^-1 and 0.35~1.14 µg·L^-1, respectively; Hg was not detected. Only Cu or Zn contents in 5m-depth seawater at D2~D4 sites exceeded Class I requirement of National Seawater Quality Standard (GB 3097-1997), and the spatial distribution of heavy metals was influenced by terrestrial inputs, environmental factors and human activities. Principal component analysis indicated that the heavy metals in the Xisha waters are mainly from three sources: ship emission, terrestrial agricultural runoff, as well as terrestrial debris and industrial inputs. The measurements in this study are generally within the range of heavy metal contents previously reported in the South China Sea. However, compared with the background values of the South China Sea in 1998, the contents of Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd in surface seawater have increased by one order of magnitude, reflecting the impact of recent intense human activities in this region.

Key words: heavy metal, ship pollution, Xisha waters, source analysis

董汉英, 苏娟, 周声圳, 梁少霞, 陈观宇, 王凡. 南海西沙海域冬季海水重金属质量浓度水平及来源分析^*[J]. 热带海洋学报, 2023, 42(2): 169-177.

DONG Hanying, SU Juan, ZHOU Shengzhen, LIANG Shaoxia, CHEN Guanyu, WANG Fan. Investigating the contents and sources of heavy metals in winter season in the Xisha waters of South China Sea^*[J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2023, 42(2): 169-177.

图/表 5

图1

表1

各站位海水重金属质量浓度及海水水质标准(GB 3097-1997)(单位: µg·L-1)"

观测站位	采样深度/m	Cu	Pb	Zn	Cd	Ni	Cr	As	Hg	Fe	Mn
D1	20	0.24	n.d.	0.57	0.15	0.53	0.35	2.97	n.d.	0.63	0.50
	50	0.23	n.d.	4.26	0.12	0.37	0.29	3.10	n.d.	0.94	0.33
	100	0.20	n.d.	1.29	0.14	0.32	0.32	3.11	n.d.	0.32	0.24
	200	0.20	n.d.	4.10	0.21	3.99	0.36	3.50	n.d.	0.55	0.31
	平均值	0.22	n.d.	2.55	0.16	1.31	0.33	3.17	n.d.	0.61	0.35
D2	5	5.32	0.54	9.95	0.08	0.47	0.34	2.81	n.d.	1.53	0.79
	50	0.31	n.d.	2.13	0.13	0.38	0.28	2.84	n.d.	0.38	0.32
	100	0.24	n.d.	1.19	0.14	0.31	0.30	3.07	n.d.	0.29	0.21
	200	0.25	0.03	1.25	0.24	3.28	0.33	3.61	n.d.	0.64	0.40
	平均值	1.53	0.14	3.63	0.15	1.11	0.31	3.08	n.d.	0.71	0.43
D3	5	82.35	0.98	59.61	0.14	2.88	0.34	2.77	n.d.	1.22	1.06
	50	0.32	n.d.	1.69	0.14	0.31	0.27	2.72	n.d.	0.26	0.28
	100	0.23	n.d.	0.85	0.15	0.29	0.27	3.05	n.d.	0.21	0.29
	200	0.25	n.d.	1.45	0.23	1.72	0.27	3.74	n.d.	0.44	0.56
	平均值	20.79	0.25	15.90	0.16	1.30	0.29	3.07	n.d.	0.53	0.55
D4	5	19.49	0.26	28.97	0.14	1.12	0.44	2.67	n.d.	4.19	3.44
	50	0.26	n.d.	0.70	0.16	0.29	0.26	2.71	n.d.	0.10	0.36
	100	0.21	n.d.	0.68	0.13	0.25	0.29	2.89	n.d.	0.21	0.30
	200	0.30	n.d.	1.09	0.24	1.54	0.34	3.47	n.d.	0.42	0.46
	平均值	5.06	0.07	7.86	0.17	0.80	0.33	2.93	n.d.	1.23	1.14
D5	5	3.27	0.09	4.50	0.07	0.33	0.39	2.59	n.d.	0.90	0.49
	50	0.22	n.d.	1.29	0.10	0.28	0.25	2.69	n.d.	0.20	0.36
	100	0.25	n.d.	1.00	0.12	0.37	0.34	3.19	n.d.	0.36	0.34
	200	0.27	n.d.	1.37	0.23	1.20	0.29	3.95	n.d.	0.33	0.34
	平均值	1.01	0.02	2.04	0.13	0.54	0.31	3.11	n.d.	0.45	0.38
D6	5	2.12	0.03	4.22	0.10	2.76	0.34	2.83	n.d.	0.79	0.86
	50	0.27	n.d.	1.00	0.10	0.30	0.25	2.68	n.d.	0.17	0.37
	100	0.22	n.d.	0.96	0.12	0.32	0.32	2.98	n.d.	0.26	0.25
	200	0.21	n.d.	1.40	0.24	0.91	0.30	3.57	n.d.	0.35	0.45
	平均值	0.71	0.01	1.90	0.14	1.07	0.30	3.02	n.d.	0.39	0.48
海水水质标准 (GB 3097-1997)	一类	5	1	20	1	5	50	20	0.05	n.a.	n.a.
	二类	10	5	50	5	10	100	30	0.20	n.a.	n.a.
	三类	50	10	100	10	20	200	50	0.20	n.a.	n.a.
	四类	50	50	500	10	50	500	50	0.50	n.a.	n.a.

表1

表2

表3

表4

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观测站位	采样深度/m	水温/℃	盐度/‰	浊度/NTU	溶解氧/ (mg·L^-1)	有色可溶性有机质质量浓度/(μg·L^-1)	叶绿素质量浓度/(µg·L^-1)
D1	20	25.72	33.75	0.061	6.47	222.88	0.355
	50	25.72	33.77	0.067	6.46	170.02	0.330
	100	23.58	34.30	0.060	5.62	80.98	0.209
	200	15.76	34.60	0.041	4.69	9.23	0.048
	平均值	22.70	34.11	0.057	5.81	120.78	0.236
D2	5	25.95	33.66	0.067	9.38	161.99	0.295
	50	25.92	33.66	0.067	6.53	74.79	0.331
	100	22.95	34.37	0.054	5.45	9.23	0.197
	200	14.50	34.55	0.048	4.58	9.23	0.053
	平均值	22.33	34.06	0.059	6.49	63.81	0.219
D3	5	25.95	33.86	0.067	6.52	9.23	0.417
	50	25.71	33.86	0.077	6.53	9.23	0.429
	100	22.31	34.40	0.061	5.15	9.22	0.247
	200	15.75	34.59	0.048	4.59	9.23	0.054
	平均值	22.43	34.18	0.063	5.70	9.23	0.286
D4	5m	25.77	33.78	0.067	6.53	191.11	0.208
	50m	25.77	33.80	0.073	6.53	104.82	0.258
	100m	24.11	34.26	0.062	5.85	16.24	0.236
	200m	15.41	34.58	0.054	4.24	9.23	0.052
	平均值	22.76	34.11	0.064	5.79	80.34	0.189
D5	5m	25.31	33.97	0.077	6.66	286.25	0.164
	50m	25.27	33.97	0.072	6.61	186.06	0.367
	100m	25.27	33.98	0.083	6.57	104.54	0.355
	200m	15.65	34.58	0.042	3.94	9.22	0.053
	平均值	22.78	34.12	0.069	5.95	146.52	0.235
D6	5m	26.32	33.59	0.061	4.24	108.22	0.139
	50m	26.01	33.65	0.077	6.39	9.20	0.439
	100m	19.94	34.56	0.060	4.49	9.23	0.184
	200m	14.12	34.53	0.042	4.17	9.23	0.052
	平均值	21.60	34.08	0.060	4.82	33.96	0.204

重金属	成分
重金属	第一主成分(F₁)	第二主成分(F₂)	第三主成分(F₃)
Cu	0.820	0.100	-0.535
Pb	0.843	0.005	-0.451
Zn	0.922	0.083	-0.347
Cd	-0.232	0.906	0.030
Ni	0.333	0.767	-0.098
Cr	0.674	0.176	0.520
As	-0.366	0.869	0.053
Fe	0.811	-0.014	0.540
Mn	0.791	0.004	0.517

研究海域	海水层位	采样时间	Cu	Pb	Zn	Cd	Ni	Cr	As	Hg	Fe	Mn	参考文献
南海海域背景值	表层<10m	1998年6月和 11月	0.014~0.41	0.006~0.27	0.013~0.35	0.001~0.072	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	于涛(2003)
西沙海域	表层5m	2004年	0.87~4.33	0.79~3.89	0.41~1.44	0.01~1.00	2.09~8.46	0.05~0.23		n.d.~0.02	0.20~1.50	0.67~0.99	周静等(2007)
南海中南部海域	0m、200m、500m	2010年秋季	0.244~2.61	0.026~10.2	1.00~139	0.037~ 0.909	n.a.	0.314~0.908	0.032~3.46	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	李景喜等(2013)
北部湾和三亚湾珊瑚生长区	表层2~10m	2015年8—10月	0.40~1.52	0.12~3.06	3.25~14.67	n.d.~ 0.55	n.a.	0.58~1.24	0.51~1.93	0.013~0.14	n.a.	n.a.	杨华等(2017)
中沙和西沙岛礁区	表层	2015年夏	n.d.~4.119	n.d.~4.904	0.284~6.976	0.005~0.138	n.a.	n.d.~0.589	0.041~0.553	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	王璐等(2017)
七连屿海域	表层	2017年8月	0.13~0.66	0.13~3.82	3.3~14.0	0.011~0.399	n.a.	0.7~1.4	n.d.~ 1.7	n.d.~0.029	n.a.	n.a.	贺仕昌等(2020)
永兴岛海域	表层	2020年5月	0.40	0.36	3.1	0.04	n.a.	0.03	1.7	0.014	n.a.	n.a.	贺仕昌等(2021)
西沙海域海水	5m或20m、50m、 100m、200m	2021年12月	0.195~82.34	n.d.~0.98	0.565~59.61	0.065~0.24	0.248~3.99	0.245~0.44	2.593~3.94	n.d.	0.098~4.19	0.21~3.44	本研究

南海西沙海域冬季海水重金属质量浓度水平及来源分析^*

Investigating the contents and sources of heavy metals in winter season in the Xisha waters of South China Sea^*

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南海西沙海域冬季海水重金属质量浓度水平及来源分析*

Investigating the contents and sources of heavy metals in winter season in the Xisha waters of South China Sea*

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南海西沙海域冬季海水重金属质量浓度水平及来源分析^*

Investigating the contents and sources of heavy metals in winter season in the Xisha waters of South China Sea^*