广西北部湾海域施氏獭蛤精巢发育、精子发生及超微结构观察

doi:10.11978/2023087

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探究广西北部湾海域施氏獭蛤精巢周年发育、精子发生的组织学和超微结构变化, 文章采用组织切片、扫描及透射电镜技术对广西北部湾海域施氏獭蛤精巢周年发育、精子发生和超微结构进行了研究。结果表明, 广西北部湾海域施氏獭蛤精巢发育周期为1年, 可划分为增殖期、生长期、成熟期、排放期和休止期, 繁殖盛期为12月至翌年4月, 每期5%~10%个体精巢发育略滞后。精子发生可划分为增殖期、生长期、成熟期和变态期。雄性生殖细胞的发育可划分为精原细胞期、初级精母细胞期、次级精母细胞期、精细胞期、成熟精子期。施氏獭蛤精子属于鞭毛型, 全长(39.76±0.50)μm。精子头部由近椭圆形的顶体和精核组成, 顶体底部与精核相连处凹陷形成亚顶体腔, 精核顶部形成核前窝, 精核底部形成核后窝, 细胞核内电子密度均匀, 核中部存在间隙。中心粒复合体周围有4个线粒体围绕组成精子中部, 线粒体近圆形, 内嵴明显。质膜包裹轴丝形成精子尾部, 尾部横切面可明显观察到“9+2”双联体微管结构。此外, 施氏獭蛤存在A、B两种不同类型的精原细胞, A型精原细胞核内核仁不明显, B型精原细胞核内核仁明显, B型精原细胞存在于增殖期和生长期。

关键词: 施氏獭蛤, 精巢发育, 精子发生, 超微结构

Abstract:

To explore the histological and ultrastructural changes of the annual development of the testis and spermatogenesis of Lutraria sieboldii in Beibu Gulf of Guangxi, the annual development of testis and ultrastructure of spermatozoa of L. sieboldii were studied through tissue section, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Results showed that the testis completes a cycle in one year, which can be divided into proliferating stage, growing stage, maturing stage, spawning stage and resting stage. The spawning was from December to April of the following year, and the testis development of 5% ~ 10% individuals in each stage was slightly delayed. Spermatogenesis can be divided into proliferation period, growth period, mature period and metamorphosis period. The male reproductive cell can be divided into Spermatogonia stage, primary spermatocyte stage, secondary spermatocyte stage, spermatocyte stage and mature sperm stage. The sperm of L. sieboldii belongs to the flagella type, whose total length is (39.76 ± 0.50) μm. The sperm head was composed of a nearly subelliptic spermatic acrosome and nucleus, the bottom of the acrosome and the spermatozoa connected with the spermatozoa were depressed to form a subacrosomal cavity. The electron density in the nucleus was uniform, and there was a gap in the middle of the nucleus. There are four mitochondria around the centriole complex to form the middle part of sperm, and the mitochondria are nearly round with apparent internal ridge. The plasma membrane wraps around the axial filaments to form sperm tail, and the “9 + 2” doublet microtubule structure can be clearly observed in the transverse section of the tail. In addition, there are two different types of spermatogonia: type A spermatogonia has no nucleolus in the nucleus while type B spermatogonia has nucleolus in the nucleus, and type B spermatogonia is distributed in the testis at different stages.

Key words: Lutraria sieboldii, testis development, spermatogenesis, ultrastructure

吴韬, 潘英, 刘一鸣, 连昌朋, 徐炳杰, 王超奇, 杨凌. 广西北部湾海域施氏獭蛤精巢发育、精子发生及超微结构观察[J]. 热带海洋学报, 2024, 43(2): 69-80.

WU Tao, PAN Ying, LIU Yiming, LIAN Changpeng, XU Bingjie, WANG Chaoqi, YANG Ling. Testis development, spermatogenesis and sperm ultrastructure of Lutraria sieboldii in the Beibu Gulf, Guangxi[J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2024, 43(2): 69-80.

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数值	壳长/mm	壳宽/mm	壳高/mm	体质量/g
平均值±标准差	94.17±6.46	31.97±3.08	46.03±3.05	99.05±21.69
最大值	116.80	43.83	57.74	199.96
最小值	80.12	24.72	39.53	55.40

发育周期	各期特点
增殖期(Ⅰ)	精巢透明, 结缔组织发达, 滤泡呈狭长状, 滤泡内空虚。滤泡壁上排列着单层精原细胞(图2a)。
生长期(Ⅱ)	精巢开始增殖, 滤泡增大, 滤泡间隙减小, 滤泡壁增厚, 精原细胞增殖, 滤泡壁上出现多层精原细胞。部分精原细胞分化形成不同发育时期的精细胞(图2b)。
成熟期(Ⅲ)	精巢扩展至软体部上缘, 精巢呈黄色, 肉眼可辨, 取部分精巢组织于载玻片上, 精巢内的精子遇水即散。滤泡间无结缔组织, 滤泡内充满成熟精子(图2c)。
排放期(Ⅳ)	精巢仍较饱满, 滤泡间隙增大。滤泡收缩, 滤泡壁变厚, 滤泡内成熟精子排出, 滤泡大小不一, 呈流水状(图2d)。
休止期(Ⅴ)	精巢消瘦, 肉眼无法分辨雌雄, 结缔组织增生, 滤泡萎缩。滤泡内大部分排空, 滤泡壁上可见部分未排出的精细胞紧贴滤泡壁固着、退化并被重吸收(图2e)。

取样日期	盐度/‰	水温/℃	精巢发育分期					雄性总数/个
取样日期	盐度/‰	水温/℃	Ⅰ	Ⅱ	Ⅲ	Ⅳ	Ⅴ	雄性总数/个
2020/11/26	27.4	22.0		10	1			11
2020/12/21	27.5	17.0		3	6		1	10
2021/1/8	29.4	15.0		2	9			11
2021/2/23	30.9	26.3			6			6
2021/3/20	30.0	21.0		2	7			9
2021/4/22	30.0	27.5				8		8
2021/5/26	28.0	29.5				1	7	8
2021/6/21	28.4	30.5				5	7	12
2021/7/14	29.0	29.7				5	3	8
2021/8/17	30.0	29.8	1	2		1	3	7
2021/9/15	31.0	29.8	10	1				11
2021/10/20	29.0	25.5		6	4	1		11

发生分期	各期发生特点
增殖期	精原细胞紧贴滤泡壁大量增殖的时期, 出现在施氏獭蛤Ⅰ~Ⅲ期精巢, 尤以Ⅰ~Ⅱ期精巢最常见, 精原细胞在滤泡壁上多层排列(图3a)。
生长期	同一滤泡内雄性生殖细胞发育不同步, 部分精原细胞分化形成初级精母细胞, 细胞体积减小, 逐渐脱离滤泡壁。此期出现在施氏獭蛤Ⅰ~Ⅲ精巢(图3b)。
成熟期	滤泡壁上排列大量次级精母细胞, 部分次级精母细胞黏连, 呈分裂趋势。从组织切片看, 染色较上一期更深。此期出现在施氏獭蛤精巢Ⅲ~Ⅳ期(图3c)。
变态期	次级精母细胞分化形成精细胞。组织切片中此期染色最深, 体积最小, 可观察到呈圆形的头部横切面和不规则的精子纵切面。此期出现在施氏獭蛤精巢Ⅲ~Ⅴ期(图3d)。

种类	精子头部	精子中部	精子尾部	参考文献
施氏獭蛤 Lutraria sieboldii	顶体近圆球形, 细胞核近椭圆形,有核前窝和核后窝	4个线粒体环绕中心粒复合体排列	“9+2”双联体微管结构	本文
栉江珧 Atrina pectinata	顶体呈倒“V”形, 近顶体外膜有一弧状膜, 细胞核近圆形, 有核前窝, 无核后窝	5个线粒体辐射状排列在中心粒周围	“9+2”双联体微管结构	顾向飞等(2013)
斧文蛤 Meretrix lamarkii	顶体呈圆锥形, 细胞核为长圆柱形, 有核前窝和核后窝	5个线粒体单层梅花状围绕在中心粒周围	“9+2”双联体微管结构	董迎辉等(2011)
钝缀锦蛤 Tapes conspersus	顶体呈倒“V”形, 细胞核呈长圆柱形, 有核前窝和核后窝	5个圆环状线粒体包裹中心粒复合体	“9+2”双联体微管结构	连昌朋等(2022)
文蛤 Meretrix meretrix	顶体呈倒“V”形, 细胞核长圆柱形, 内含形状不规则的透明腔, 有核前窝和核后窝	5个线粒体围绕一对中心粒	“9+2”双联体微管结构	Gwo等(2020)
长牡蛎 Crassostrea gigas	顶体突出, 成熟精子头部近似圆形, 头部包含亚顶体腔、细胞核, 有核前窝和核后窝	4个圆球形的线粒体围绕中心粒	“9+2”双联体微管结构	韩龙江等(2017)