西太平洋侏罗纪海洋地壳断裂特征及其成因机制*

doi:10.11978/2021130

热带海洋学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (3): 1-15.doi: 10.11978/2021130CSTR: 32234.14.2021130

• 海洋地质学 • 下一篇

西太平洋侏罗纪海洋地壳断裂特征及其成因机制^*

张锦昌^1,^2,³(), 杨晓东^1,^2,³(), 林婧雪⁴, 曲梦⁵, 罗怡鸣⁶

1.中国科学院边缘海与大洋地质重点实验室, 中国科学院南海海洋研究所, 南海生态环境工程创新研究院, 广东广州 511458
2.南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(广州), 广东广州 511458
3.中国-巴基斯坦地球科学研究中心, 中国科学院-巴基斯坦高等教育委员会, 巴基斯坦伊斯兰堡 45320
4.中国矿业大学(北京)地球科学与测绘工程学院, 北京 100083
5.中山大学海洋工程与技术学院, 广东珠海 519082
6.南方科技大学海洋科学与工程系, 广东深圳 518055

收稿日期:2021-09-26 修回日期:2021-12-10 发布日期:2021-12-14
通讯作者: 杨晓东
作者简介:张锦昌(1983—), 男, 广东省肇庆市人, 研究员, 从事海洋地质与地球物理研究。email: jzhang@scsio.ac.cn
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2018YFC0309800);广东省自然科学基金杰出青年项目(2021B1515020098);南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(广州)人才团队引进重大专项(GML2019ZD0205);国家自然科学基金项目(41776058);国家自然科学基金项目(41890813);中国科学院项目(133244KYSB20180029);中国科学院项目(131551KYSB20200021);中国科学院项目(Y4SL021001);中国科学院项目(QYZDY-SSW-DQC005);中国科学院项目(ISEE2021PY03);中国科学院项目(E1SL3C02);广东省重点领域研发计划项目(2020B1111520001)

Characteristics and formation mechanisms of faults on the Jurassic oceanic crust in the western Pacific Ocean^*

ZHANG Jinchang^1,^2,³(), YANG Xiaodong^1,^2,³(), LIN Jingxue⁴, QU Meng⁵, LUO Yiming⁶

1. CAS Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 511458, China
2. Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
3. China-Pakistan Joint Research Center on Earth Science, CAS-HEC, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
4. College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
5. School of Marine Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
6. Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China

Received:2021-09-26 Revised:2021-12-10 Published:2021-12-14
Contact: YANG Xiaodong
Supported by:
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFC0309800);Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of Guangdong Province(2021B1515020098);Key Special Project for Introduced Talents Team of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou)(GML2019ZD0205);National Natural Science Foundation of China(41776058);National Natural Science Foundation of China(41890813);Chinese Academy of Sciences Project(133244KYSB20180029);Chinese Academy of Sciences Project(131551KYSB20200021);Chinese Academy of Sciences Project(Y4SL021001);Chinese Academy of Sciences Project(QYZDY-SSW-DQC005);Chinese Academy of Sciences Project(ISEE2021PY03);Chinese Academy of Sciences Project(E1SL3C02);Guangdong Provincial Research and Development Program in Key Areas(2020B1111520001)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

侏罗纪洋壳为现存最古老的海洋地壳, 残留在地球表面上很少, 目前对于侏罗纪洋壳的断裂特征和构造变形了解很少。本文利用高分辨率的反射地震剖面精细解释了位于西太平洋的侏罗纪洋壳基底、沉积地层和断裂结构, 发现在研究区存在基底断层、沉积断层和垮塌断层三种类型的断裂构造, 并对其走向、倾角、断距等几何参数与变形特征进行了推测和定量研究。研究还发现, 基底断层是洋壳受到板块伸展拉张而产生的, 在后期海底沉积过程中持续发育并错断上覆沉积物, 在海底形成明显的断层陡坎。沉积断层是沉积地层自身重力作用的产物,受到沉积地层岩石性质的控制。垮塌断层是岩浆侵出或者侵入形成海山, 导致洋壳及其上覆沉积局部抬升并向两侧推移, 引起先存的基底断层和沉积断层重新错动产生的。研究区内切断洋壳基底和上覆沉积的活动断层的推测走向大体符合侏罗纪洋壳基底面起伏、重力异常骤变界面以及地磁异常条带等的走向, 表明这些断裂从侏罗纪洋中脊的海底扩张中演变而来, 并且持续活动至今。这些发育在古老洋壳上的断层能够长时间让水进入岩石圈并进入俯冲带及地球内部, 从而促进地球水循环。尽管目前尚未发现这些断裂产生大地震, 但这些断层可能随着板块俯冲而演变成俯冲带地震大断裂, 今后研究应该关注这类断层在靠近海沟之前的演化规律和潜在地震风险。

关键词: 海洋地壳, 侏罗纪, 断层作用, 水循环, 地震

Abstract:

The Jurassic crust is thought to be the oldest existing oceanic crust, with a very sparse distribution on Earth. The fault characteristics and structural deformation of the Jurassic crust remain poorly understood. In this study, we took full advantage of high-resolution reflective seismic profiles to examine the basement of Jurassic oceanic crust, sedimentary stratigraphy, and fault structures in the western Pacific. Our new results revealed three types of faults in the Jurassic crust, namely, basement fault, sedimentary fault, and collapsing fault. Geometric parameters and deformational characteristics of these faults were quantitatively studied in unprecedented detail, such as strike, dip, and displacement. Basement fault is formed by the bending and extending of oceanic crust, which continues to evolve to cut off the overlying sedimentary units and break through the seafloor to form distinct fault scarps during subsequent submarine sedimentation. Sedimentary fault is resulted from the gravity loading of sediment itself, with effect from the material properties of sedimentary layer. Collapsing fault is caused by the lateral movement of sediment above the intrusive magmatic body. The intrusion of magmatic body uplifts the existing oceanic crust and its overlying sediment, causing the existing basement fault and sedimentary fault to reactivate. Inferred strikes of active faults that cut through the basement and sediment are basically in agreement with the orientations of the Jurassic basement undulation, gravity anomaly abrupt-change boundaries, and magnetic lineations, implying that these faults were formed during the seafloor spreading at the Jurassic mid-ocean ridges and had been active till now. These faults developed on such old oceanic crust allow water to enter the lithosphere for a long time and enhance water cycling through plate subduction. Despite being absent of great earthquakes on these normal faults, they have the potential to evolve into giant seismogenic faults on the subducting plate. Here, we call for attention to tectonic evolution and geologic risk of these faults when they approach subduction zone.

Key words: oceanic crust, Jurassic, faulting, water cycling, earthquake

中图分类号:

P534.52

张锦昌, 杨晓东, 林婧雪, 曲梦, 罗怡鸣. 西太平洋侏罗纪海洋地壳断裂特征及其成因机制^*[J]. 热带海洋学报, 2022, 41(3): 1-15.

ZHANG Jinchang, YANG Xiaodong, LIN Jingxue, QU Meng, LUO Yiming. Characteristics and formation mechanisms of faults on the Jurassic oceanic crust in the western Pacific Ocean^*[J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2022, 41(3): 1-15.

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参数名称	数值
GI 空气枪数量	2支
空气枪容量	约1.8L
空气枪拖曳水深	4m
放炮间距	25m
接收电缆长度	870m
接收电缆道数	48道
道间距	12.5m
电缆拖曳水深	4m
采样间隔	1ms
记录长度	11.5s
主频范围	50~200Hz
水平叠加次数	12次
共深度点炮集间距	6.25m
水平分辨率	6.25m
垂直分辨率	约2~5m
总测线长度	794.434km
测线方位角	205°~213°
测线起点坐标	22°34′50″N, 166°38′38″E
测线终点坐标	17°13′10″N, 161°36′19″E

断层类型	推测走向	倾向	倾角	最大垂直位移/s	断层最大长度/s	地表形变	错断基底
基底断层	99°~147°	南西	80°~90°	0.3	0.6	是	是
沉积断层	/	/	90°	/	0.2	否	否
垮塌断层	115°~133°	南西	85°~90°	0.1	0.6	部分是	部分是

西太平洋侏罗纪海洋地壳断裂特征及其成因机制^*

Characteristics and formation mechanisms of faults on the Jurassic oceanic crust in the western Pacific Ocean^*

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西太平洋侏罗纪海洋地壳断裂特征及其成因机制*

Characteristics and formation mechanisms of faults on the Jurassic oceanic crust in the western Pacific Ocean*

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西太平洋侏罗纪海洋地壳断裂特征及其成因机制^*

Characteristics and formation mechanisms of faults on the Jurassic oceanic crust in the western Pacific Ocean^*