近40年永兴岛造礁石珊瑚动态变化及其控制因素

doi:10.11978/2025019

热带海洋学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (6): 51-63.doi: 10.11978/2025019CSTR: 32234.14.2025019

近40年永兴岛造礁石珊瑚动态变化及其控制因素

吴绵璇¹^,²(), 罗孝文², 张永战¹^,³^,⁴()

¹ 南京大学地理与海洋科学学院, 江苏南京 210023
² 自然资源部第二海洋研究所海底科学与划界全国重点实验室, 浙江杭州 310012
³ 南京大学海岸与海岛开发教育部重点实验室, 江苏南京 210023
⁴ 中国南海研究协同创新中心, 江苏南京 210023

收稿日期:2025-02-06 修回日期:2025-03-21 出版日期:2025-11-10 发布日期:2025-12-03
通讯作者: 张永战(1970—), 男, 副教授, 主要从事水陆相互作用区滨岸地貌与海岸工程研究。email: zhangyzh@nju.edu.cn
作者简介:
吴绵璇(1999—), 女, 广东省汕头市人, 主要从事珊瑚礁生态研究。email: 502022270103@smail.nju.edu.cn
基金资助:
中国科学院学部咨询评议项目(2016ZWH005A-005); 中国科学院学部咨询评议项目(2018-G01-B-005); 中国南海研究协同创新中心项目; 江苏省自然资源发展专项资金(海洋科技创新)项目(JSZRHYKJ202104)

Dynamics and controlling factors of scleractinian corals in Yongxing Island over the past 40 years

WU Mianxuan¹^,²(), LUO Xiaowen², ZHANG Yongzhan¹^,³^,⁴()

¹ School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
² State Key Laboratory of Submarine Geoscience, Second Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Hangzhou 310012, China
³ The Key Laboratory of Coast & Island Development, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China
⁴ The Collaborative Innovation Center of South China Sea Studies, Nanjing 210023, China

Received:2025-02-06 Revised:2025-03-21 Online:2025-11-10 Published:2025-12-03
Contact: ZHANG Yongzhan. email: zhangyzh@nju.edu.cn
Supported by:
Consultation and Evaluation Projects of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(2016ZWH005A-005); Consultation and Evaluation Projects of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(2018-G01-B-005); Project of the Collaborative Innovation Center of South China Sea Studies; Special Fund for Natural Resources Development of Jiangsu Province (Marine Science and Technology Innovation) Project(JSZRHYKJ202104)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

全球珊瑚礁正持续退化, 通过有效降低区域性珊瑚礁退化造成的地区压力, 以减轻日益增加的全球压力的影响, 现已成为共识。南海西沙群岛珊瑚礁是“印度洋—太平洋珊瑚礁区”的重要组成部分, 在近年来的珊瑚礁生态监测调查中, 呈现出不同程度的退化现象。准确把握其动态变化与主控因素, 是对珊瑚礁区进行及时有效管理的重要基础。本文梳理了1984—2021年西沙永兴岛珊瑚礁调查获取的珊瑚覆盖率、补充量及白化率等生态指标数据, 统计分析表明: 近40年来, 西沙永兴岛造礁石珊瑚总体呈现“良好生长—急剧退化—缓慢恢复—再次退化”的4阶段动态变化, 1984—2006年呈良好生长状态, 2006—2011年出现急剧退化阶段, 2011—2019年缓慢恢复, 2019—2021年又重新退化。长棘海星和珊瑚热白化分别是永兴岛造礁石珊瑚发生急剧退化和再次退化的主要控制因素, 珊瑚疾病在急剧退化阶段产生了一定的影响, 人类活动一定程度上抑制了珊瑚急剧退化后的迅速恢复, 同期珊瑚热白化影响了其后续恢复。相比大堡礁造礁石珊瑚急剧退化后持续恢复的变化状况, 永兴岛造礁石珊瑚退化程度更为严重, 后续10年都呈现低速恢复状态。

关键词: 永兴岛, 造礁石珊瑚, 动态变化, 退化现象, 控制因素

Abstract:

Global coral reefs are undergoing continuous degradation, and it is universally acknowledged that alleviating local pressures stemming from regional coral reef degradation is crucial to counteracting the substantial impacts of escalating global stressors. The coral reefs of the Xisha Islands in the South China Sea, a vital component of the “Coral Triangle”, have exhibited varying degrees of degradation in recent years, as revealed by ecological monitoring. Analyzing coral reef degradation through relevant ecological indicators is vital for understanding coral reef trends and supporting restoration and management efforts. This paper, drawing upon existing surveys of Yongxing Island in the Xisha Islands, examines relevant ecological indicators such as coral coverage, replenishment, and bleaching rates. The results indicate that over the past 40 years, the scleractinian corals of Yongxing Island have undergone a phased pattern of degradation: healthy growth (1984-2006), rapid degradation (2006-2011), slow recovery (2011-2019), and renewed degradation (2019-2021). This trend follows a general pattern of “healthy growth→sharp degradation→slow recovery→renewed degradation”. The crown-of-thorns starfish emerges as the primary driver of rapid degradation, with coral diseases also playing a role during this stage. Human activities hindered the swift recovery of corals following the initial rapid degradation to a certain extent, while coral bleaching was the primary factor governing both slow recovery and later-stage renewed degradation. In comparison to the swift recovery of scleractinian corals in the Great Barrier Reef following its rapid degradation, the scleractinian corals of Yongxing Island have experienced more severe degradation, with a lower recovery rate over the past decade.

Key words: Yongxing Island, scleractinian coral, dynamic changes, degradation, controlling factor

中图分类号:

Q958.8

吴绵璇, 罗孝文, 张永战. 近40年永兴岛造礁石珊瑚动态变化及其控制因素[J]. 热带海洋学报, 2025, 44(6): 51-63.

WU Mianxuan, LUO Xiaowen, ZHANG Yongzhan. Dynamics and controlling factors of scleractinian corals in Yongxing Island over the past 40 years[J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2025, 44(6): 51-63.

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数据指标	年份	资料来源
珊瑚覆盖率	1984	李元超等(2008)
珊瑚覆盖率	2002	黄晖等(2006)
珊瑚覆盖率、补充量、长棘海星密度	2005—2009	据资料图件估算(吴钟解等, 2011)
珊瑚覆盖率、补充量、长棘海星密度	2010—2019	据资料图件估算(李元超等, 2019a, 2019b)
珊瑚覆盖率、补充量、白化率、长棘海星密度	2020—2021	郎尚昆(2022)
珊瑚覆盖率、补充量	2007—2016	李元超等(2018)

年份	东南侧覆盖率/%	东南侧补充量/(ind.·m^-2)	永兴岛覆盖率/%	永兴岛补充量/(ind.·m^-2)
1984	——	——	70.00	——
2002	55.7	——	68.40	——
2005	——	——	64.39	1.21
2006	——	——	66.25	0.66
2007	46.67	0.37	53.80	0.20
2008	51.40	0.12	16.84	0.07
2009	24.50	0.11	7.93	0.06
2010	25.50	0.25	11.55	0.07
2011	1.97	0.00	2.15	0.07
2012	1.79	0.00	2.15	0.16
2013	6.67	0.20	5.25	0.41
2014	6.40	0.60	4.38	0.25
2015	3.00	0.10	2.65	0.12
2016	5.00	0.10	5.25	0.20
2017	——	——	7.45	0.55
2018	——	——	8.32	0.91
2019	——	——	14.99	3.46
2020	——	——	13.60	——
2021	——	——	7.22	3.22

位置	疾病类型
位置	黄色炎症样病症		黑化	白化	白斑病	粉化	粉带病症	粉红色线状综合征	粉红颗粒状综合征
南侧		+		+	+	+	+
北侧	+			+	+	+		+	+

近40年永兴岛造礁石珊瑚动态变化及其控制因素

Dynamics and controlling factors of scleractinian corals in Yongxing Island over the past 40 years

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