Journal of Tropical Oceanography >
Coral community change and its influencing factors in Ximaozhou Island of Hainan
Copy editor: LIN Qiang
Received date: 2020-02-23
Request revised date: 2020-04-25
Online published: 2020-05-13
Supported by
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2019YFD0901304)
Open Project of Guangdong Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology and Open Project of Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biological Resources and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences(2019011009)
Foundation of Hainan University(KYQD(ZR)1805)
Copyright
In 2018, the coral community distribution and environmental parameters around Ximaozhou Island of Sanya were surveyed. We recorded 68 species of reef building corals and two species of Millepora spp. Based on the nMDS analysis of coral reef benthic substrata, we divided the sites of Ximaozhou Island into zone 1 (the south/east side) and zone 2 (the west side). The mean live coral coverage is 13.6% for the whole island, 4.2% in zone 1 and 27.7% in zone 2. The diversity of coral species in zone 2 is higher than that in zone 1. The reefs in zone 1 are in a significant degradation state, while the reefs in zone 2 are relatively healthy with single dominant coral species. Compared with the historical data, the mean live coral coverage at the east sites decreased from nearly 40% in 2011 to less than 4% in 2018, showing significant degradation, while the coral reefs at the west sites did not show significant change, with branching Acropora spp. shifting to massive Galaxea fasciculis. The mean values of turbidity, dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and δ15N of Turbinaria ornata in coral reef of Ximaozhou Island are 2.54 NTU, 9.63 mol·L-1 and 5.09‰, respectively. Our correlation analysis shows that the environmental factors could not explain the spatial distribution of the coral community. Therefore, we speculate that the extreme disturbance event caused by human activities may be the main cause for the spatial distribution of coral community in Ximaozhou Island and the significant degradation of coral on the east side in recent years, such as the turbidity event caused by random dumping of sediments from the Sanya River into Sanya Bay. It is necessary to strengthen the control of sediment dumping and human activities in Sanya Bay, to reduce the impact of sedimentation and nutrient enrichment, and to promote a gradual recovery of coral reefs in Ximaozhou Island.
HUANG Jianzhong , WEI Yuheng , GU Zhifeng , WU Chuanliang , XU Qiang , WANG Aiming , LI Xiubao . Coral community change and its influencing factors in Ximaozhou Island of Hainan[J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2020 , 39(6) : 103 -113 . DOI: 10.11978/2020020
表1 西瑁洲海域造礁石珊瑚群落区造礁石珊瑚名录Tab. 1 List of scleractinian coral species in Ximaozhou Island |
科 | 属 | 种 | 1966年 | 2011年 | 本次调查 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
杯形珊瑚科 | 杯形珊瑚属 | 鹿角杯形珊瑚Pocillopora damicornis | + | + | + |
多曲杯形珊瑚Pocillopora meandrina | + | ||||
疣状杯形珊瑚Pocillopora verrucosa | + | + | + | ||
舌状杯形珊瑚Pocillopora ligulata | + | ||||
达娜厄杯形珊瑚Pocillopora danae | + | ||||
短角杯形珊瑚Pocillopora brevicornis | + | ||||
鹿角珊瑚科 | 鹿角珊瑚属 | 花苔鹿角珊瑚Acropora anthocercis | + | ||
细枝鹿角珊瑚Acropora nana | + | ||||
芽枝鹿角珊瑚Acropora gemmifera | + | ||||
根枝鹿角珊瑚 Acropora surculosa | + | ||||
风信子鹿角珊瑚Acropora hyacinthus | + | ||||
巨锥鹿角珊瑚Acropora monticulosa | + | ||||
甲胄鹿角珊瑚 Acropora armata | + | ||||
钩状勃氏鹿角珊瑚Acropora brüggemanni | + | ||||
壮实鹿角珊瑚Acropora robusta | + | ||||
指形鹿角珊瑚Acropora digitifera | + | ||||
粗野鹿角珊瑚Acropora humilis | + | ||||
科 | 属 | 种 | 1966年 | 2011年 | 本次调查 |
美丽鹿角珊瑚Acropora muricata | + | ||||
锐角鹿角珊瑚Acropora decipiens | + | ||||
鼻形鹿角珊瑚Acropora nasuta | + | ||||
太平洋鹿角珊瑚 Acropora pacifica | + | ||||
伞房鹿角珊瑚Acropora corymbosa | + | ||||
佳丽鹿角珊瑚Acropora pulchra | + | ||||
蔷薇珊瑚属 | 瘿叶蔷薇珊瑚Montipora aequituberculata | + | |||
繁锦蔷薇珊瑚Montipora efflorescens | + | ||||
弯柔蔷薇珊瑚Montipora mollis | + | ||||
叶状蔷薇珊瑚Montipora foliosa | + | + | + | ||
指状蔷薇珊瑚Montipora digitata | + | ||||
翼形蔷薇珊瑚Montipora peltiformis | + | ||||
灌木蔷薇珊瑚Montipora fruticosa | + | ||||
多枝蔷薇珊瑚Montipora ramosa | + | ||||
鬃刺蔷薇珊瑚Montipora hispida | + | ||||
杯形蔷薇珊瑚Montipora caliculata | + | ||||
沙氏蔷薇珊瑚Montipora solunderi | + | ||||
索氏蔷薇珊瑚Montipora solanderi | + | ||||
中华蔷薇珊瑚Montipora sinensis | + | ||||
横条蔷薇珊瑚Montipora trabeculata | + | ||||
单星蔷薇珊瑚Montipora monasteriata | + | ||||
膨胀蔷薇珊瑚Montipora turgescens | + | + | |||
龟岛蔷薇珊瑚Montipora turtlensis | + | ||||
星孔珊瑚属 | 多星孔珊瑚Astreopora myriophthalma | + | |||
滨珊瑚科 | 滨珊瑚属 | 火焰滨珊瑚Porites rus | + | ||
亚氏滨珊瑚Porites aranetai | + | ||||
扁枝滨珊瑚Porites andrewsi | + | ||||
细柱滨珊瑚Porites cylindrica | + | ||||
马氏滨珊瑚Porites matthaii | + | ||||
澄黄滨珊瑚Porites lutea | + | + | + | ||
角孔珊瑚属 | 柱角孔珊瑚Goniopora columna | + | |||
角孔珊瑚Goniopora stokesi | + | ||||
大角孔珊瑚Goniopora djiboutiensis | + | ||||
团块角孔珊瑚Goniopora lobata | + | ||||
斯氏角孔珊瑚Goniopora stutchburyi | + | + | |||
穴孔珊瑚属 | 穴孔珊瑚Alveopore gigas | + | |||
海绵穴孔珊瑚Alveopora spongiosa | + | ||||
蜂巢珊瑚科 | 刺星珊瑚属 | 小叶刺星珊瑚Cyphastrea microphthalma | + | ||
锯齿刺星珊瑚Cyphastrea serrailia | + | + | + | ||
刺孔珊瑚属 | 宝石刺孔珊瑚Echinopora gemmacea | + | |||
双星珊瑚属 | 同双星珊瑚Diploastrea heliopora | + | + | ||
蜂巢珊瑚属 | 蜂巢珊瑚Favia truncates | + | |||
海洋蜂巢珊瑚Favia maritima | + | ||||
神龙岛蜂巢珊瑚Favia lizardensis | + | ||||
黄癣蜂巢珊瑚Favia favus | + | + | |||
标准蜂巢珊瑚Favia speciosa | + | + | + | ||
美龙氏蜂巢珊瑚Favia veroni | + | ||||
科 | 属 | 种 | 1966年 | 2011年 | 本次调查 |
角蜂巢珊瑚属 | 秘密角蜂巢珊瑚Favites abdita | + | + | + | |
尖丘角蜂巢珊瑚Favites acuticollis | + | ||||
板叶角蜂巢珊瑚Favites complanata | + | ||||
多弯角蜂巢珊瑚Favites flexuosa | + | ||||
中国角蜂巢珊瑚Favites chinensis | + | ||||
罗素角蜂巢珊瑚Favites russelli | + | ||||
肠珊瑚属 | 不规则肠珊瑚Leptoria irregularis | + | |||
弗利吉亚肠珊瑚Leptoria phrygia | + | ||||
扁脑珊瑚属 | 尖边扁脑珊瑚Platygyra acuta | + | |||
肉质扁脑珊瑚Platygyra carnosus | + | ||||
弗利吉亚扁脑珊瑚Platygyra phrygia | + | ||||
精巧扁脑珊瑚Platygyra daedalea | + | + | |||
交替扁脑珊瑚Platygyra crosslandi | + | ||||
琉球扁脑珊瑚Platygyra ryukyuensis | + | + | |||
中华扁脑珊瑚Platygyra sinensis | + | + | |||
朴素扁脑珊瑚Platygyra rustica | + | ||||
菊花珊瑚属 | 梳状菊花珊瑚Goniastrea pectinata | + | + | + | |
粗糙菊花珊瑚Goniastrea aspera | + | + | + | ||
网状菊花珊瑚Goniastrea retiformis | + | ||||
狭小片菊花珊瑚Goniastrea yamanarii | + | ||||
同星珊瑚属 | 多孔同星珊瑚Plesiastrea versipora | + | + | ||
小星珊瑚属 | 白斑小星珊瑚Leptastrea pruinosa | + | |||
枇杷珊瑚科 | 盔形珊瑚属 | 稀杯盔形珊瑚Galaxea astreata | + | + | |
丛生盔形珊瑚Galaxea fascicularis | + | + | + | ||
拉氏盔形珊瑚Galaxea lamarcki | + | ||||
粗糙盔形珊瑚Galaxea aspera | + | ||||
菌珊瑚科 | 牡丹珊瑚属 | 十字牡丹珊瑚Pavona decussata | + | + | |
叶状牡丹珊瑚Pavona frondifera | + | ||||
易变牡丹珊瑚Pavona varians | + | ||||
阔叶牡丹珊瑚Pavona lata | + | ||||
铁星珊瑚科 | 沙珊瑚属 | 毗邻沙珊瑚Psammocora contigua | + | + | |
裸肋珊瑚科 | 刺柄珊瑚属 | 腐蚀刺柄珊瑚Hydnophora exesa | + | ||
邻基刺柄珊瑚Hydnophora contignatio | + | ||||
小角刺柄珊瑚Hydnophora microconos | + | ||||
裸肋珊瑚属 | 狭裸肋珊瑚Merulina laxa | + | |||
阔裸肋珊瑚Merulina ampliata | + | ||||
褶叶珊瑚科 | 合叶珊瑚属 | 菌状合叶珊瑚Symphylia agaricia | + | + | |
合叶珊瑚Symphyllia recta | + | ||||
巨大合叶珊瑚Symphyllia gigantea | + | ||||
华贵合叶珊瑚Symphyllia nobilis | + | ||||
辐射合叶珊瑚Symphyllia radians | + | ||||
棘星珊瑚属 | 大棘星珊瑚Acanthastrea echinata | + | + | ||
联合棘星珊瑚Acanthastrea hemprichii | + | ||||
叶状珊瑚属 | 赫氏叶状珊瑚Lobophyllia hemprichii | + | |||
木珊瑚科 | 陀螺珊瑚属 | 皱褶陀螺珊瑚Turbinaria mesenterina | + | ||
盾形陀螺姗瑚Turbinaria peltata | + | + | |||
丁香珊瑚科 | 真叶珊瑚属 | 肾形真叶珊瑚Euphyllia ancora | + | ||
梳状珊瑚科 | 梳状珊瑚属 | 莴苣梳状珊瑚Pectinia lactuca | + | ||
合计 | 52 | 26 | 68 |
表2 西岛造礁石珊瑚优势种类的变化Tab. 2 Temporal changes of dominant scleractinian coral species in Ximaozhou Island |
调查及时间 | 站位 | 覆盖率 | 优势种 |
---|---|---|---|
邹仁林 等, 1966 | 东北侧离岸60~80m | - | 粗糙菊花珊瑚 |
东北侧离岸80~93m | - | 多枝蔷薇珊瑚 | |
东北侧离岸93~110m | - | 佳丽鹿角珊瑚 | |
东北侧离岸110m以外 | - | 鼻形鹿角珊瑚 | |
中国科学院南海海洋研究所, 2011 | 4 | 40.15% | 丛生盔形珊瑚和同双星珊瑚 |
5 9 | 39.80% 32.15% | 丛生盔形珊瑚和同双星珊瑚 丛生盔形珊瑚 | |
中国科学院南海海洋研究所, 2013 | 4 9 | 0.15% 35.20% | 无 丛生盔形珊瑚 |
本次调查(2018) | 4 | 3.88% | 丛生盔形珊瑚 |
5 | 1.07% | 无 | |
9 | 30.07% | 丛生盔形珊瑚 |
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