Previous investigations have shown that the rate of crustacean survival in salinity stress test was strongly relative to their future growth. In this research, a freshwater stress test followed with desalination culture experiment was carried out on 10 families of Pacific white leg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, in the same batch with different genetic backgrounds. The freshwater stress survival rate and desalination culture growth traits in different families were determined; at the same time the relationship between them was also analyzed. Our study indicated that there was a significant difference (p<0.01) among survival rates under freshwater stress of the 10 families. During the desalination culture, the survival rates of the 10 families were significantly different (p<0.01); there were differences (p<0.05) among body weight growth rate, the specific growth rate, body length growth rate, and feed coefficient of the 10 families performance. The family TF-1 had the highest survival rate under freshwater stress (63%) and desalination culture (51%), as well as body weight growth rate (17.54 mg·d^-1), specific growth rate (6.68), and body length growth rate (0.53 mm·d^-1); however, its feed coefficient (0.82) was lower than the other families. The survival rate under freshwater stress was positively correlated to desalination culture survival rate (r=0.855, p<0.01), body weight growth rate (r=0.636, p<0.05), specific growth rate (r=0.617, p<0.05), and body length growth rate (r=0.805, p<0.01), while it had a negative correlation with feed coefficient (r= -0.748, p<0.05). The research showed that survival rate of the shrimp postlarvae to freshwater stress test could represent the postlarvae’s quality on tolerance to fresh water, which will be an important reference index among the L. vannamei postlarvae’s desalination culture. Meanwhile, the family TF-1 would be used to breed high freshwater tolerance and fast-growing variety of L. vannamei.

The GRAPES-TCM (global/regional assimilation and prediction system-tropical cyclone model) is used to make ensemble prediction experiments for typhoon Muifa (1109) in 2011. Three kinds of ensemble schemes are designed for the experiments. Every scheme has six ensemble members, which reflect the uncertainty of the model. The method of multiple physics (MP) is used to form the members of scheme 1. The method of stochastic total tendency perturbation (STTP) is used to form the members of scheme 3. Both the MP method and the STTP method are used to form the members of scheme 2. Thirty-six experiments are made and the integration time is 72 h.

The authors have summarized a set of rules for choosing and verifying the main acquisition parameters in marine seismic exploration based on previous experiences of long-term practice. Firstly, an analysis is carried out for the selected area to establish a representative seismogeological model using various seismic and geologic information. Considering the current devices’ performances and options，they use a professional simulation software, Nucleus 6.2, to compute source parameters and to compare the response to various combinations of acquisition parameters, in order to choose a combination that is best adaptive to certain task. An actual exploration test is also carried out to verify the parameters’ combination chosen from the simulation test. Finally, the authors select the optimum Parameters’ combination and obtain quality data for production.

Stable isotope analysis has emerged as one of the primary means to analyze the structure of food webs. Size fractionated zooplankton biomass and stable isotopes in the southern South China Sea during spring and summer 2013 were investigated. The results showed that zooplankton biomass in spring was higher than those in summer at most sites (p<0.05), while the maximal value was found in the southwestern continental shelf (influenced by coastal upwelling) with increased mean value of zooplankton biomass during summer. Zooplankton was divided into three groups according to size. Macro- zooplankton contributed more to the total zooplankton biomass during summer, while meso- and micro-zooplankton contributed more during spring. Mean δ¹⁵N value in spring was higher than that in summer, and the δ¹⁵N value of macro-zooplankton was higher than those of meso- and micro-zooplankton at most sites. Zooplankton biomass was negatively related to mixed layer depth and seawater temperature at 75-m depth, and positively related to salinity at 75 m, indicating that zooplankton biomass was influenced by vertical mixing. The result of GAM (generalized additive model) indicated that the δ¹⁵N value of micro-zooplankton was affected by combined impacts by environmental and biological factors.

The response of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Acid Phosphatase (ACP), and Phenoloxidase (PO) in Penaeus monodonfamilies to normal growth, low temperature stress and high ammonia stress was studied under laboratory condition. Growth in terms of specific growth rate (SGR) was significant difference among the selected families (p<0.05). The activities of ACP were significant difference among family 077, 017 and 661. The activities of SOD were significant difference between family 4612 and family 017. When the rearing temperature decreased from 27 ℃ to 20 ℃, the activities of ACP and SOD first increased and then decreased, the activities of PO reduced prolonged according to the low temperature stress, and the minor changes of control trial were not regular. Under the high ammonia stress, the activities of ACP increased prolonged, the activities of SOD increased in 0-8 h, then rapidly decreased in 8-48 h, the activities of PO reduced in 0-48 h, and the minor changes of control trial were not regular. The activities of immune enzymes of some families were significant differences, and three immune enzymes activities of family 4612 higher than that of other families under the high ammonia stress. A negative correlation was found between the specific growth rate and the activities of ACP, SOD and PO of ten families in three trials.

A new hybrid data assimilation scheme based on ensemble adjustment Kalman filter (EAKF) and three-dimensional variational (3D-Var) analysis is developed. In this assimilation scheme, the perturbation of ensemble from EAKF is applied to the background field by using a transformation matrix, thus the perturbation of the analysis field can be obtained by taking advantage of a sequential filter, which will then be optimized by being combined with observations under the framework of 3D-Var. The data assimilation experiment in a perfect case is carried out by using Lorenz-63 model. The results demonstrate that the hybrid data assimilation scheme performs better than EAKF.

For the data characteristics of interferometric multi-beam echo sounder (MBES), a single ping filtering method of MBES based on dynamic clustering is proposed. Considering the continuity of real terrain, the problem of outlier detection is transformed into clustering of real terrain data. Through continuous clustering of real terrain data, the outliers in data are eliminated. For the large data size in the process of clustering, dynamic clustering is adopted after partitioning clustering sets. Simultaneously, a trend adjusted factor is introduced for the feature domain selection, which is helpful for the decision of clustering direction. At last, the improved k-means method is utilized for output of clustering object. The results from processing sea test data of GeoSwath MBES show that the algorithm has good adaptability for different terrain characteristics, and is simple for implementation, which can be used for real-time filtering and post-processing of MBES data.

This paper dealt with inaccurate identification of some species in the family Neritidae. Specimens were arranged and classified systematically. The result showed that there are confusion and synonym: the name of the Lineate Nerite, Nerita lineata Gmelin, 1791, was a junior homonym of Nerita lineata müller, 1774 and a synonym of Nerita balteata Reeve, 1855. In addition, the Chinese name of this species was not unified in the published literatures. We clarified and revised the species name of the Lineate Nerite in the current literatures: Nerita balteata Reeve, 1855 according to the morphology and comparisons with similar species. All specimens were obtained from collections of the South China Sea Institute of Oceannology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Phytoplankton community and nutrient concentration in the northern Beibu Gulf in April and August 2011 were investigated. In this research, 312 phytoplankton taxa were identified, which belonged to four phyla and 78 genera, with Bacillariophyta being the main group. The dominant species were Thalassiosira subtilis, Leptocylindrus danicus, Bacillaria paradoxa, and Pseudonitzschia pungens in spring, and Thalassiosira sp. in summer. Phytoplankton community in northern Beibu Gulf could be divided into two natural groups in spring (spr1 & spr2) and three in summer (sum1, sum2 & sum3). N/P ratio was in a relatively high level in the study area, and most of the waters were phosphorus limitated which resulted from diatom blossom. Chaetoceros debilis was the dominant species of group spr1 and had significant correlation with nutrient in spring, except for ammonium. Bacillaria paradoxa was the dominant species of group sum3 and had significant correlation with phosphate in summer, but, it was uncorrelated with any environmental factors as the dominant species of group spr2 in spring. Phosphate was transported to northern Beibu Gulf through the Qiongzhou Strait corridor water, and silicate was input by land runoff.

In recent years, marine natural products of fungal origin have gained considerable recognition, as many of them possess novel structures and interesting biological and pharmacological properties. This review includes 134 indole alkaloids of marine-derived fungi with their structures and activities published during 1991-2010. Of the indole alkaloids, there were 19 fumitremorgins, 22 notoamides, 18 cytochalasans, 9 fumiquinazolines, 11 indole terpenes, 21 peptides and other single indole alkaloids, and 34 bisindole alkaloids. These indole alkaloids showed not only unique structures but also a variety of important biological activities and had potential values in application.

We investigated the abundance and species composition of phytoplankton community in the northern South China Sea (110°－120°E, 18°－23°N) from 10th to 29th August 2007, using 208 samples taken from 41 sampling stations. A total of 216 species belonging to 80 genera of 5 classes were identified. Diatoms contributed to 64.81% of the total phytoplankton species number and 89.11% of the total phytoplankton cell abundance; followed by dinoflagellates, which accounted for 30.56% of total phytoplankton species number and 10.62% of the total phytoplankton cell abundance. The dominant species were Thalassiosira sp., Thalassionema nitzschioides, Skeletonema costatum, Prorocentrum minimum and Gymnodinium sp.. Trichodesmium erythraeum that belonged to Cyanophyta was also commonly found at many survey stations. High phyto-plankton cell abundance was located in the Pearl River Estuary and in Taiwan Shoal. The horizontal distribution pattern of phytoplankton abundance was different in the surface and sub-surface waters. In the surface water, the average abundance of phytoplankton was 25.21×103cells•L?1 with a high value near the Pear River Estuary; while in the sub-surface water, the aver-age abundance was 9×103cells•L?1 with a high value in the Taiwan Shoal. On the whole, phytoplankton abundance was lower at deep-water stations (>200m) than at shallow-water stations (<200m). In general, the vertical profiles showed that total phytoplankton abundance presented a peak at 10m and then decreased with increasing water depth. The vertical distribution patterns of phytoplankton abundance also appeared to be different between deep-water and shallow-water stations. Diatoms abundance decreased with increasing water depth at the shallow-water stations, but formed a maximum peak at sub-surface (75m) of the deep-water stations; dinoflagellates abundance significantly decreased with increasing water depth, but evenly distributed in the water above 75m at the deep-water stations. The ratios of diatom to dinoflagellates showed a decline ten-dency approaching to the pelagic region. Higher productivity and phytoplankton abundance regions corresponded with a larger ratio of diatom to dinoflagellates. At the survey stations, the average Shannon-Wiener diversity index of phytoplankton com-munity was 2.8 in the surface water and 3.0 in the sub-surface water. High phytoplankton biodiversity located in the Pearl River Estuary and the coasts of Guangdong and Hainan provinces. The diversity of phytoplankton at the shallow stations was far enriched than that at the deep-water stations.

We study the applicability of the National Centers Environmental Prediction/University Corporation for Atmospheric Research ( NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis wind field using the buoy data including the wind speed, significant wave height and mean wave period from September 1987 to August 1988 in the northern South China Sea (SCS). To some extent, the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis wind speed is consistent with the buoy data in the northern SCS. Then we assess the simulations using wave models WAVEWATCH Ⅲ (WW3) and Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN) forced by the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data. The results show that the simulations of the significant wave height (SWH) from the two models are almost the same during the monsoon and monsoon transition periods. The simulation of the mean wave period (MWP) from the WW3 is better than that from the SWAN during the monsoon period, while the results are just contrary during the monsoon transition period. The spatial characteristics from the WW3 simulation in the northern SCS are presented. The SWH affected by monsoon shows significant seasonal change in the northern SCS, while the MWP presents certain semi-annual variability.

Since the 1980s, marine observation has become much more diversified, capable of delivering three-dimensional and real-time data. National and regional observing systems have been playing important roles in key regions of the oceans. Going with the development of technology and concept innovation, regional marine observation system has been widely used and gradually improved. International marine observation stations, such as the Irish Sea Coastal Observatory, the Carolinas Regional Coastal Ocean Observing System (RCOOS), and the Victoria Experimental Network Under the Sea (VENUS) are great examples, which consist of three-dimensional and real-time data, combined with marine ecosystem, physical, biological and chemical models. Some other examples, such as the American “ North-East Pacific Time-series Undersea Networked Experiments ” (NEPTUNE), the “ European Seafloor Observatory Network ” (ESONET) and the Japanese “ Advanced Real-time Earth monitoring Network in the Area ” (ARENA) are deep-sea network systems, which make th e ocean observatory more comprehensive. Under these international backgrounds, the first deep-sea observation research network station in China-Xisha Marine Research Station was completed in 2008 and has started offering real-time data. The observation system mainly includes automatic weather station, mooring in the western boundary, biological traps, Xisha surface ocean observation system, and Xisha Ocean Optics observation system. Because of the complexity of marine structure, harsh working environment and resource shortages, marine observation could be a high risk task. With the knowledge of the domestic and international marine observation systems reviewed in this study, it is hoped that Chinese marine observation system could be developed and improved to achieve more rapid progress.

Thermal structure of continental lithosphere can directly affect physical and rheological properties of rock, thus limiting the evolution of lithosphere. Based on tectonic setting and influencing parameters of lithospheric thermal state in the Nansha Trough Foreland, we numerically simulated lithospheric thermal structure of 94N05 seismic profile in the basin using an one-dimensional steady-state heat-conduction equation. Simulation Results show that average heat flow is about 62 mW·m^-2 in the basin, and mantle heat flow is between 37 and 44 mW·m^-2, which is up to 60%—70% of the surface heat flow. The Nansha Trough Foreland Basin is in the tectonic thermal recovering phase. Affected by compressional tectonic surroundings since the Miocene, the surface heat flow is relatively low and mainly controlled by deep mantle, and temperature of Moho varies from 500 to 600℃. Thickness of thermal lithosphere is as thin as 60—70 km. This research also reveals that key factors of few regional earthquakes may be related to high temperature and thermal stabilization of the deep lithosphere in the Nansha Islands waters.

An annual panel test on fouling organisms was carried out in the waters off the Bailong Peninsula in the Beibu Gulf from March 2006 to February 2007. The fouling organisms from the wharf and the cultured cages during the same time were also investigated. The biofouling in this area reflected distinct characteristics of subtropical harbors. A total of 82 fouling organism species were recorded, among which Balanus reticulates, Dexiosprira foraminosus, Spirorbis papillatus, Bugula neritina, Membranipora grandicella, Styela canopus, Electra tenella, Perna viridis and Dendostrea crenulifera were dominant species. Bioattachment occurred throughout the year, but the main period of settlement extended from May to October of 2006. The mean biomass of fouling organisms on the monthly, seasonal, and annual test panels were 200.54, 2 550.37 and        15 121.67g•m?2, respectively, in the waters off the Bailong Peninsula, which were lower than those in the waters of the Daya Bay and Zhanjiang Harbor, but higher than those in the waters of the Qinglan Harbor and off the Weizhou Island. The attachments of fouling were greatly different in each tidal zone of the Bailong Wharf, with the dominant species Littorina scabra and Nodilittorina radiate on high tidal zone, Ostrea glomerata, Saccostrea echinata, Saccostrea cucullata and Tetreclita squamosa on middle tidal zone, and algae on low tidal zone. Different suggestions on biocontrol are given in the present study for protecting the artificial structures, mariculture, and estuarine ecology in the Bailong waters.

To investigate salinity effects on growth and enzyme activity of juvenile Sepia pharaonis, manipulative laboratory experiments were conducted. These experiments revealed the effects of abrupt and gradual changes of salinity on survival rate, specific growth rate, weight gain rate, hepatosomatic index, and enzyme activity (superoxide dismutase, alkaline phosphatase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase). The results showed that abrupt salinity change had significant effects on larval survival rate and behavior after cultivation of 21 days (p<0.05). Optimum survival rates of juvenile cuttlefish were obtained when cultivated at salinity of 24‰ and 27‰ (75.56%±6.94%~77.78%±6.94%). Specific growth rate and weight gain rate were the highest at the salinity of 27‰. The hepatosomatic index increased with salinity increase, and achieved the highest value at the salinity of 30‰. Gradual change of salinity also had significant influence on survival rate, specific growth rate, weight gain rate, hepatosomatic index, and enzyme activity (p<0.05). Optimum survival rate (87.78%±1.92%) was obtained at the salinity of 24‰. Specific growth rate (6.88%•d^-1±0.13%•d^-1) and weight gain rate (180.96%±5.13%) were the highest at the salinity of 27‰, whilst the highest hepatosomatic index was observed at salinity of 30‰. SOD enzyme activity declined and then increased following the rising of salinity from 18‰ to 33‰, with the lowest value at salinity of 27‰. GOT, GPT and AKP enzyme increased and then decreased; GOT and GPT enzyme activity were the highest when the salinity was 24‰, whereas AKP enzyme reached the maximum value at salinity of 30‰. Therefore, the suitable and optimal salinity values were 21‰~30‰ and 24‰~27‰, respectively, under abrupt salinity change. Suitable and optimal salinity values were 18‰~33‰ and 24‰~27‰, respectively, under gradual salinity change. We concluded that juvenile cuttlefish can live under a wider range of salinity and that we can improve its survival rate with very gradual salinity change.

Environmental pollution is serious in the Pearl River Estuary due to human activities and an increasing attention has been paid to the pollution in this region. This paper mainly reviews the eutrophication characteristics and the pollution patterns of persistent toxic substances (PTS, including heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants—POPs) in the water. Results in-dicate that the excessive input of nitrogen and phosphate has led to the high eutrophication in the water. Eutrophication plays an important role in triggering red tides. The coupling effect of the water stratification and eutrophication leads to the seasonal hypoxia in certain areas of the estuary. PTS mainly accumulate in sediment and organisms. The records of pollutants in sedi-ment cores reflect that pollutant accumulation in sediments is closely related to the rapid economical development of the Pearl River Delta in the past three decades. Finally, the critical issues of research are put forward on the environmental pollution of this area in the future, which include biotransformation of pollutants in tissues and bioaccumlation in food chain, the combined pollution of various pollutants in eutrophic water, mechanisms of microbial biodegradation of pollutants, pollution control strategy, among others.

Slow and ultraslow spreading ridges are the key areas for studying interplay among magmatism, tectonics, and hy-drothermal circulation comparing to the fast spreading ridges. Their complicated three-dimensional (3D) seismic structures are the basis of finding their tectonic dynamic mechanism. The research on the 3D seismic structures is reviewed in terms of slow spreading ridges in deep oceans, including its developing international research trend. The new experiments have detected a magma chamber or a melt body at a slow spreading ridge, same as at a fast spreading ridge. The 3D seismic survey for the first time was carried out on the southwest Indian Ocean Ridge from January to March in 2010. The key research aspects are then put forward based on these seismic experiment data. Its preliminary disposing result of the seismic data indicates that the high quality of the seismic data is the strong foundation of the 3D tomography. It is promising to make breakthrough in mechanism on ultraslow spreading ridges. The research will surely promote the Chinese status in the field of international ocean ridges.

Delta-6 desaturases are the key enzymes required for the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, which introduce double bond at the position of 18C in algae. In this study, the authors investigate codon usage bias and base composition variations in nine available complete desaturase gene sequences from Bacillariophyta, Chlorophyta and Cyanophyta. The results showed that △6 desaturase genes of T. pseudonana and P. tricornutum (Bacillariophyta) as well as Ostreococcus tauri (Chlorophyta) prefer to use the codons ended with G or C, with GC content as high as 61.61%; while △6 desaturase genes of three algae of Cyanophyta prefer to use the codons ended with A or U, with GC content 39.1%. Codon usage bias in alga △6 desaturase gene was very small, which was mainly determined by base compositions on the third codon position and the value of effective number of codons (ENC). It was implied that △6 desaturase genes were phylogenetically conservative. The results of comparing algae △6 desaturase genes to genomic codon usage of E.coli, yeast and Arabidopsis thaliana preference revealed that codon usage pattern among them was significantly different. In order to significantly increase the efficiency of algae △6 desaturase gene expression, partial codon in gene’s open reading frame needs to be reconstituted. The findings presented in this study offer guidance for expressing algae △6 desaturase gene in prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression systems.

Based on the latest Objectively Analyzed Air-Sea Heat Fluxes (OAFlux) data, the temporal and spatial variability of monthly-mean evaporation (EVP) over the South of China Sea (SCS) from 1958 to 2006 are analyzed. The EVP in winter and autumn is stronger than that in spring and summer. By the EOF analysis, the variation of the EVP of the first mode depicts an in-phase mode, while the second EOF mode describes an oscillation between northern and southern parts of the SCS. These two modes can explain over 60% of the variance. The interannual change of the EVP over the SCS is closely associated with the Niño3.4 sea-surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) during December-February. The spatial pattern of composite EVP anomalies shows that the southern SCS is out-of-phase with the northern area during La Niña years, while there is a monopole mode (with the same EVP anomaly sign) during the El Niño years. The research on the periodic variation of spatial structure of seasonal EVP reflects that there is interannual and interdecadal variability in each season. The outcome of wavelet analysis shows that the periods of 2-5 yr and 10-14 yr are the leading cycles of seasonal EVP over the SCS, and the significance of these oscillation periods is different at various stages. Finally, by Mann-Kendall and trend methods, it is considered that the EVP was gradually strengthened on the interannual and seasonal scale in the area in 1997 and after the 1980s.

The biomass and astaxanthin yield of Chlorella zofingiensis cultivated in three different media including CZ-M1, Kuhl and KM1 were investigated. Results showed that Kuhl medium was best for growth as reflected by its highest values of specific growth rate, maximum cell dry weight concentration and cell growth yield on glucose comparing with the other media. However, its astaxanthin production was the lowest. KM1 exhibited the highest astaxanthin production both on a per dry cell weight and a per volume basis. Higher biomass (up to 8.99g•L-1 cell dry weight concentration) and astaxanthin levels (up to 20.1mg•L-1 and 2.24mg•g-1) in glucose-stressed Chlorella zofingiensis cells growing under low light in modified KM1 medium were obtained.

To elucidate the species composition of fishes in the Langhua Reef of Xisha Islands, reveal their evolutionary traits, and ensure the protection and sustainable use of coral reef fishes in this region, a comprehensive survey was conducted in 2023. Employing techniques such as dive-fishing, hand-fishing, underwater videography, and environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis, this study integrated historical data from 1979, 1998—1999, and 2003 to analyze the species composition and temporal fluctuations in the fish population of the Langhua Reef. To date, a total of 259 fish species have been identified in the reef, classified into 12 orders, 47 families, and 115 genera. Among these, the most populous are the perch-like species, accounting for 200 varieties. The results indicate an exponential relationship between the number of fish species in the reef and their corresponding maximum overall length, with a significant decline in species count as the maximum length increases. Predominantly, the reef is inhabited by small-sized and carnivorous fish, constituting 49.03% and 59.07% of the total species, respectively. The 2023 survey highlighted that 77 fish species, previously recorded in historical data, have not been observed in recent years, predominantly among carnivorous types. Notably, almost all large fish in the reef are carnivorous. Seven species, listed on the IUCN Red List and categorized as large fish, were absent from the current study, with the exception of the brown-spotted grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus).The species composition, dietary patterns, and historical similarity indices of the Langhua Reef fish varied significantly, especially among large and carnivorous species, which demonstrated the lowest similarity indices. Furthermore, the study revealed a downward trend in both the mean taxonomic distinctness index (Δ⁺) and the variance in taxonomic distinctness index (Λ⁺), falling significantly below the 95% confidence intervals. These findings suggest that environmental disturbances, climate change, and human activities have led to a notable turnover in the fish composition of the reef, with large carnivorous species being the most severely affected. This research provides a theoretical reference for a deeper understanding, effective management, and conservation of the Langhua Reef coral reef ecosystem. It also offers foundational data and scientific insights crucial for the restoration of the coral reef ecosystem.

Comprehensive survey results on the environment state of seashore wetland in the Pearl River Estuary in 2007 and
2008 show that seashore wetland degradation mainly includes four aspects: area reduction of natural wetland, declining pro-
ductivity of wetland, continuing deterioration of wetland environment, and wetland landscape fragmentation. Degradation
causes of the Pearl River Estuary seashore wetland mainly consist of beach development and  reclamation, emissions, hus-
bandry, sea-level rise, overfishing, sea sand exploitation, port construction, and water resource development, among others. It
is imperative to take protective measures. In this paper, seven measures are present, including strengthening relevant laws and
regulations to protect seashore wetland, implementing strategy of sustainable development, making medium-long term layout,
cultivating personnel through training improving research and technology, building measuring system, setting up more protec-
tion areas, and increasing education of the mass. All these provide an important basis for the development, utilization, and
protection of the Pearl River Estuary seashore wetland.

Two cruises were carried out to investigate the water quality and ecological status in the Pearl River Estuary in July 2006 and March 2007. Water comprehensive pollution index and biodiversity index (including phytoplankton, zooplankton and benthos) were used to assess the pollution status. In addition, rationality of the assessment by using the biodiversity index was also discussed. The results indicated that the pollution degrees of the Pearl River Estuary were between moderate to severe. Water comprehensive pollution index showed that it was at a severely polluted status both in wet and dry seasons. Biodiversity index led to different results, which varied from lightly-moderate pollution to severe pollution. Among the three biodiversity indices, we considered that zooplankton diversity index was more congruent than the other two indices in pollution status assessment. However, the evaluation criteria should be verified and modified in future study. It was concluded that assessment for the environment quality and ecological status by using different biodiversity indices may come to a varied result, and a simple conclusion could not be hastily educed but should be associated with physicochemical factors.

Five hundred and twenty-nine isolates of fungal endophytes were isolated from the lamina, mid-rib, bark and the xylem of stem of Aegiceras corniculatum, among them 297 isolates in wet and 232 in dry season. The taxa of preponderant fungal endophyte communities differed in the four organs of Aegiceras corniculatum: in lamina are Penicillium and Aureobasidium, in mid-rib are Penicillium and Cladosporium, in bark are the sterile groups, and in xylem of stem are Aureobasidium and Cladosporium. These results indicated that there was some degree of organ specific in distribution of fungal endophytes. The preponderant taxa of endophyte assemblages in organs were different between wet and dry seasons. For example, in lamina, wet season were Penicillium and Aureobasidium, but dry season were sterile groups B and C. It showed that the density and the taxa of the endophyte communities in Aegiceras corniculatum were influenced by the environmental factors such as precipitation, temperature, humidity, and intensity of sunlight.

Nutritive composition in muscle of wild double-headed parrotfish Cheilinus undulates was investigated in this study. Results showed that the contents of moisture, crude protein, crude lipid, and crude ash in fresh muscle of C. undulates were 80.97%, 18.38%, 0.10% and 0.49%, respectively. A total of 18 kinds of common amino acid in the muscle was detected with the 15.7%(wet weight); the content of essential amino acids was 39.37% of the total ones, which met the Food and Agriculture Organization of the Untied Nations/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) standard. The ratio of branch-chain amino acids to aromatic amino acids was 2.5654, close to the normal value of that in human. According to nutritive evaluation in amino acid score(AAS), the first limited amino acid was threonine (Thr), the second was tryptophane (Trp), and the value of essential amino acid index (EAAI) was 68.46. The total content of four smelled amino acids was 31.85%. The content of EPA + DHA in fatty acids was 21.86%。The elements of Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn were found in muscle, which were essential for the human. In conclusion, this research indicated that C. undulates is a nutritive sea-food fish.

To explore the drifting character of fishing boats without working motors and people in the water is the target of maritime search and rescue. For improving and evaluating their target drifting trajectory prediction model, researchers at the South China Sea Marine Engineering Investigation Center of the State Oceanic Administration carried out 2-3 trials in Guangdong coast waters: two times for fishing boats without working motors, and three times for dummy in the water on February 2011 and April 2011. These trials found that the dummy and fishing boats mostly drifted to the right of the downwind, and between the directions of current and downwind more than 80% of the total test times. By binary regression analysis on drift velocity (a dependent variable), current velocity and wind speed (as independent variables), we obtained the following results: current-induced drift parameter is approximately 1.0, wind-induced drift parameters are 0.019 for drifting people and 0.038 for drifting fishing boats.

Current profile data of about 80 days were obtained by the submersible buoy measurement at two stations at the mouth of the Beibu Gulf during the spring monsoon transition in 2007. Using cross spectrum analysis, the structure of residual currents and the factors that influence the structure are analyzed, with the addition of QuikSCAT sea-surface wind data ob-tained from NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory Physical Oceanography Distributed Active Archive Center, and sea-surface temperature data provided by NOAA National Climatic Data Center. The results are as follows. The northward component of the wind had oscillations with a period about 10 days during spring monsoon transition in the Beibu Gulf. The wind could generate the oscillation of the density field, which could lead to the variation of density current. The residual currents at Sta-tion M4 were mainly controlled by wind. Water at Station M4 was transported into the Beibu Gulf. The residual currents at Station M5 were very different between surface and bottom. The whole water column was affected directly by wind, while the surface layer was also affected by the variation of density current controlled by wind. So wind affected residual currents in two ways at Station M5.

Bisulfite (NaHSO3) is a substance to accelerate plant cyclic photophosphorylation that can be used safely and environmentally friendly. In order to optimize the nutrients formula, decrease the production cost and improve the biomass and pigment accumulation of Dunaliella salina, the authors investigated the effects of different concentrations (0.00?0.40mM•L-1) of NaHSO3 on the biomass and photosynthetic pigment contents. The results showed that NaHSO3 could significantly improve the growth, contents of chlorophyll (Chl) a, Chl b, Chl (a+b), carotenoid (Car) and ratio of Chl to Car. The effects firstly increased and then decreased with the increase of concentration. Accelerating effects under low concentrations (<0.10mM•L-1) were better than those under high concentrations (0.10?0.40mM•L-1), and the maximum accelerating effects were reaches at 0.07mM•L-1. NaHSO3 could increase Chl b content more than Chl a content, which caused the reduction of Chl a content relative to Chl b content; the effects firstly decreased and then increased with the increase of concentration, reducing effects under low concentrations (<0.1mM•L-1) were better than those under high concentrations (0.10?0.40mM•L-1), and the minimum reducing effect was achieved at 0.07mM•L-1. The correlations of biomass (Y) to contents of photosynthetic pigments and between contents of photosynthetic pigments were significant or markedly significant, with the highest correlation of Chl b (XChl.b) to biomass (Y=0.284XChl.b-0.883 (R2=0.994**)) and the next of Chl to biomass (Y=0.100XChl-2.022 (R2=0.993**)), which provided an indirect index to measure the growth of Dunaliella salina in every moment.

Levels and profiles of DDTs and HCHs in fish, shrimp, snail and sediments in the western coastal waters of Guangdong province are discussed in this paper. The total concentrations of DDTs and HCHs in sediments were 9.06ng•g-1 and 4.77ng•g-1, respectively. γ-HCH in sediments was not detected; β-HCH and δ-HCH accounted for a large proportion, in-dicating that there was no current import of fresh HCHs into the western coastal waters of Guangdong province. High value of (DDD+DDE)/T-DDT (0.97) in sediments suggested that there was no current import of fresh DDT into the area. The total concentrations of DDTs and HCHs in biota were 0.60-18.40ng•g-1 and 0.84-14.90ng•g-1, respectively. The main forms of HCHs were α-HCH (73.96% in Apogon cyanosoma and 100% in Penaeus japonicus), γ-HCH (66.10% in Brachirus swinhois), β-HCH (57.14% in Penaeus monodon) and δ-HCH (61.48% in Thais clavigera). This reflects different ways of bioaccumula-tion of HCHs among organisms. The (DDD+DDE) percentage of Thais clavigera, Apogon cyanosoma, Penaeus monodon, Penaeus japonicus and Brachirus swinhonis made up 100%, 100%, 91.5%, 91.4%, 60.5% of total DDTs. This indicates that DDT might be effectively biodegraded by organisms. Though none of the contents of DDT and HCH in various organisms exceeds the tolerable daily intake proposed by the World Health Organization, more attention should be paid to the potential risks of co-toxicity of various toxins to human health.