Journal of Tropical Oceanography >
Pollution characteristics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and alternative brominated flame retardants in sediments from typical mangrove wetlands of China
Copy editor: YAO Yantao
Received date: 2021-01-04
Revised date: 2021-03-11
Online published: 2022-01-26
Supported by
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFC1406503)
Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences(ISEE2019ZR03)
Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences(ISEE2018PY03)
Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences(ISEE2018ZD02)
Key Special Project for Introduced Talents Team of Southern Marine Science and Engineering, Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou)(GML2019ZD0404)
Surface sediment samples were collected from 16 mangrove wetlands in four provinces (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan) of China and analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and five alternative brominated flame retardants (ABFRs), including decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), 1, 2-bis (2, 4, 6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromotoluene (PBT) and pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB). Results showed that PBDEs, DBDPE and BTBPE were widely detected in the mangrove sediments, while HBB, PBT and PBEB were only observed in some regions. Average concentrations of total PBDEs ranged from 1.39 to 293 ng·g-1 dry weight (dw), showing an obvious spatial difference (p=0.016), which was significantly positively correlated with the local population and economic levels (p<0.01). BDE 209 was the predominant congener in all mangrove sediments, accounting for 72%~96% of the total PBDEs. DBDPE and BTBPE were the two dominant ABFRs, with average concentrations ranging from 0.489 to 29.4 ng·g-1 and from 0.0127 to 1.11 ng·g-1, respectively. There was a significant positive relationship between levels of BDE 209 and its alternative, DBDPE (p<0.01), reflecting their similar regional distributions in the mangrove sediments. This suggests that BDE 209 and DBDPE might have similar pollution resources and/or environmental behaviors. Ratios of DBDPE/BDE 209 were in the range of 0.0839~0.925, which indicates that levels of DBDPE were still lower than those of BDE 209 in the mangrove sediments of China. Still, environmental issues of ABFRs should not be ignored.
LI Huawei , XU Xiangrong . Pollution characteristics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and alternative brominated flame retardants in sediments from typical mangrove wetlands of China[J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2022 , 41(1) : 117 -130 . DOI: 10.11978/2021003
表1 红树林沉积物样品采集信息表Tab. 1 Geographical locations of sampling areas |
采样点 | 样品数 | 经度范围 | 纬度范围 | 所属红树林或保护区 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
福建 | 福鼎 | 5 | 120°11′43″—120°22′32″E | 27°13′23″—27°16′47″N | 姚家屿红树林自然保护区 |
泉州 | 3 | 118°41′2″—118°41′53″E | 24°54′41″—24°57′27″N | 泉州湾红树林省级自然保护区 | |
龙海 | 7 | 117°53′27″—117°56′44″E | 24°23′38″—24°28′11″N | 九龙江口红树林省级自然保护区 | |
漳江口 | 5 | 117°23′7″—117°27′37″E | 21°54′41″—23°56′15″N | 漳江口红树林国家级自然保护区 | |
广东 | 深圳 | 7 | 114°0′19″—114°0′51″E | 22°31′24″—22°31′40″N | 内伶仃岛-福田国家级自然保护区 |
广州 | 12 | 113°34′38″—113°34′44″E | 22°48′46″—22°48′50″N | 南沙区坦头红树林 | |
珠海 | 13 | 113°37′37″—113°38′00″E | 22°25′36″—22°25′59″N | 淇澳-担杆岛省级自然保护区 | |
广西 | 山口 | 6 | 109°40′13″—109°45′32″E | 21°30′12″—21°36′4″N | 山口红树林国家级自然保护区 |
北海 | 3 | 109°6′15″—109°9′18″E | 21°33′33″—21°53′13″N | 廉州湾南流江入海口处红树林 | |
钦州 | 7 | 108°29′41″—108°37′17″E | 21°44′34″—21°53′13″N | 茅尾海红树林省级自然保护区 | |
防城港 | 4 | 108°19′41″—108°25′2″E | 21°36′47″—21°40′58″N | 港口区渔洲坪红树林 | |
北仑河口 | 5 | 108°9′25″—108°16′1″E | 21°32′56″—21°36′56″N | 北仑河口国家级自然保护区 | |
海南 | 花场 | 4 | 109°59′30″—109°59′52″E | 19°54′43″—19°55′7″N | 花场湾红树林自然保护区 |
文昌 | 5 | 110°47′15″—110°50′27″E | 19°33′27″—19°37′32″N | 清澜港红树林省级自然保护区 | |
三亚 | 5 | 109°30′27″—109°37′18″E | 18°13′42″—18°16′18″N | 青梅港和三亚河红树林自然保护区 | |
东方 | 4 | 108°37′55″—108°38′15″E | 19°12′55″—19°13′1″N | 东方市四必湾湿地 |
表2 红树林沉积物中PBDEs的浓度/(ng·g-1 干重)Tab. 2 PBDEs concentrations in mangrove sediments/ (ng·g-1 dry weight) |
采样点 | BDE 28 | BDE 47 | BDE 66 | BDE 99 | BDE 100 | BDE 153 | BDE 154 | BDE 183 | BDE 196 | BDE 197 | BDE 202 | BDE 203 | BDE 206 | BDE 207 | BDE 208 | BDE 209 | ∑PBDEsa |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
福建省 | |||||||||||||||||
福鼎 | 0.00207 ± 0.000288b | 0.123 ± 0.0202 | 0.0172 ± 0.00283 | ndc | nd | 0.00466 ± 0.000544 | 0.00879 ± 0.00139 | 0.0978 ± 0.0157 | 0.117 ± 0.0145 | 0.0361 ± 0.00453 | 0.0271 ± 0.00419 | 0.0466 ± 0.00890 | 0.230 ± 0.0176 | 0.0829 ± 0.0108 | 0.0315 ± 0.00571 | 9.90 ± 1.76 | 10.7 ± 1.79 |
泉州 | 0.00363 ± 0.000477 | 0.526 ± 0.205 | 0.0211 ± 0.00366 | nd | nd | 0.00695 ± 0.000207 | nd | 0.0373 ± 0.00613 | 0.108 ± 0.00891 | 0.0329 ± 0.00659 | 0.0278 ± 0.00736 | 0.0462 ± 0.00161 | 0.221 ± 0.0112 | 0.0735 ± 0.0103 | 0.0267 ± 0.00139 | 12.4 ± 0.987 | 13.6 ± 1.22 |
龙海 | 0.00381 ± 0.000260 | 0.579 ± 0.176 | 0.0176 ± 0.00360 | 0.0134 ± 0.00407 | 0.00360 ± 0.000552 | 0.00558 ± 0.000366 | 0.00706 ± 0.00113 | 0.0498 ± 0.00666 | 0.138 ± 0.0309 | 0.0495 ± 0.00848 | 0.0334 ± 0.00593 | 0.0737 ± 0.0223 | 0.603 ± 0.198 | 0.258 ± 0.101 | 0.170 ± 0.0590 | 30.9 ± 6.22 | 32.9 ± 6.64 |
漳江口 | 0.00286 ± 0.000338 | 0.118 ± 0.0342 | 0.00759 ± 0.00213 | nd | 0.00531 ± 0.000586 | 0.00489 ± 0.000311 | nd | 0.0527 ± 0.00738 | 0.0932 ± 0.00971 | 0.0443 ± 0.0115 | 0.0381 ± 0.00779 | 0.0382 ± 0.00579 | 0.221 ± 0.0705 | 0.0491 ± 0.0283 | 0.0260 ± 0.00983 | 13.7 ± 5.93 | 14.4 ± 6.08 |
广东省 | |||||||||||||||||
深圳 | 0.0140 ± 0.00463 | 0.145 ± 0.0608 | 0.0126 ± 0.00411 | 0.0459 ± 0.00661 | 0.0135 ± 0.00128 | 0.00823 ± 0.00281 | nd | 0.289 ± 0.104 | 0.262 ± 0.0351 | 0.176 ± 0.0499 | 0.128 ± 0.00531 | 0.174 ± 0.0243 | 1.34 ± 0.132 | 0.682 ± 0.0810 | 0.419 ± 0.0425 | 94.7 ± 6.33 | 98.4 ± 6.62 |
广州 | 0.0102 ± 0.000931 | 4.26 ± 2.64 | 0.00710 ± 0.000681 | 0.555 ± 0.273 | 0.0900 ± 0.0424 | 0.292 ± 0.122 | 0.242 ± 0.110 | 0.734 ± 0.263 | 2.93 ± 1.65 | 0.999 ± 0.514 | 0.367 ± 0.154 | 2.04 ± 1.12 | 12.0 ± 6.81 | 6.31 ± 3.53 | 3.82 ± 2.32 | 258 ± 104 | 293 ± 122 |
珠海 | 0.00494 ± 0.000676 | 0.235 ± 0.0725 | 0.00575 ± 0.000519 | 0.0204 ± 0.00303 | 0.00591 ± 0.000885 | 0.00564 ± 0.000332 | 0.0158 ± 0.00269 | 0.0676 ± 0.00535 | 0.129 ± 0.0262 | 0.0507 ± 0.00846 | 0.0497 ± 0.0148 | 0.0746 ± 0.0198 | 0.412 ± 0.135 | 0.179 ± 0.0611 | 0.126 ± 0.0501 | 17.9 ± 3.50 | 19.2 ± 3.81 |
广西壮族自治区 | |||||||||||||||||
山口 | 0.00382 ± 0.000680 | 0.174 ± 0.0857 | 0.0127 ± 0.00566 | nd | nd | 0.00368 ± 0.0000972 | nd | 0.0822 ± 0.0179 | 0.0811 ± 0.00534 | 0.0247 ± 0.00179 | 0.0266 ± 0.00317 | 0.0362 ± 0.00258 | 0.0980 ± 0.00658 | 0.0170 ± 0.00497 | 0.0147 ± 0.00181 | 2.77 ± 0.495 | 3.32 ± 0.500 |
北海 | 0.00309 ± 0.000464 | 0.131 ± 0.0807 | 0.00488 ± 0.000675 | nd | nd | 0.00388 ± 0.000383 | nd | 0.0751 ± 0.0393 | 0.237 ± 0.150 | 0.0227 ± 0.00566 | 0.0838 ± 0.0696 | 0.0420 ± 0.0121 | 0.285 ± 0.142 | 0.115 ± 0.0814 | 0.0534 ± 0.0387 | 11.8 ± 6.15 | 12.8 ± 6.62 |
钦州 | 0.00296 ± 0.000417 | 0.265 ± 0.0745 | 0.00456 ± 0.00107 | nd | 0.00451 ± 0.00119 | 0.00488 ± 0.000732 | 0.0154 ± 0.00499 | 0.0734 ± 0.0334 | 0.288 ± 0.192 | 0.101 ± 0.0695 | 0.0371 ± 0.0158 | 0.218 ± 0.161 | 1.47 ± 1.22 | 0.892 ± 0.802 | 0.475 ± 0.428 | 34.7 ± 16.5 | 38.5 ± 19.4 |
防城港 | 0.00608 ± 0.00152 | 0.218 ± 0.180 | 0.00587 ± 0.00130 | nd | nd | 0.00397 ± 0.000495 | nd | 0.0636 ± 0.0216 | 0.0830 ± 0.00471 | 0.0313 ± 0.00424 | 0.0227 ± 0.00521 | 0.0380 ± 0.00486 | 0.145 ± 0.0410 | 0.0462 ± 0.0225 | 0.0290 ± 0.00865 | 6.40 ± 2.91 | 7.10 ± 3.14 |
北仑河口 | 0.0105 ± 0.00484 | 0.0273 ± 0.00748 | 0.0151 ± 0.00518 | nd | nd | 0.00383 ± 0.000192 | nd | 0.0832 ± 0.0196 | 0.0790 ± 0.00291 | 0.0425 ± 0.00956 | 0.0151 ± 0.00317 | 0.0372 ± 0.00542 | 0.101 ± 0.00877 | 0.0114 ± 0.00136 | 0.0160 ± 0.00498 | 2.13 ± 0.820 | 2.54 ± 0.868 |
海南省 | |||||||||||||||||
花场 | 0.00402 ± 0.00104 | 0.0362 ± 0.00734 | 0.00833 ± 0.00262 | nd | nd | 0.00387 ± 0.000114 | nd | 0.0778 ± 0.00741 | 0.0737 ± 0.00194 | 0.0301 ± 0.00445 | 0.0204 ± 0.00483 | 0.0290 ± 0.00215 | 0.0908 ± 0.00409 | 0.0104 ± 0.00113 | 0.0170 ± 0.00171 | 1.00 ± 0.0704 | 1.39 ± 0.0719 |
文昌 | 0.00670 ± 0.00180 | 0.0911 ± 0.0318 | 0.00742 ± 0.00332 | nd | nd | 0.00717 ± 0.00185 | nd | 0.0628 ± 0.0208 | 0.117 ± 0.0115 | 0.0571 ± 0.0245 | 0.0503 ± 0.0228 | 0.0793 ± 0.0241 | 0.196 ± 0.0587 | 0.0853 ± 0.0506 | 0.0714 ± 0.0328 | 4.18 ± 2.28 | 4.98 ± 2.49 |
三亚 | 0.160 ± 0.121 | 0.262 ± 0.155 | 0.0359 ± 0.0307 | nd | nd | 0.00765 ± 0.00174 | nd | 0.0774 ± 0.0546 | 0.181 ± 0.0467 | 0.107 ± 0.0532 | 0.113 ± 0.0493 | 0.169 ± 0.0584 | 0.729 ± 0.253 | 0.409 ± 0.163 | 0.275 ± 0.120 | 45.7 ± 16.8 | 48.1 ± 17.8 |
东方 | nd | 0.0392 ± 0.00942 | nd | nd | nd | 0.00386 ± 0.000329 | nd | 0.0412 ± 0.0152 | nd | 0.0225 ± 0.00461 | 0.0151 ± 0.00254 | 0.0405 ± 0.00520 | 0.0903 ± 0.00167 | 0.0105 ± 0.000243 | 0.00938 ± 0.000560 | 1.40 ± 0.123 | 1.66 ± 0.122 |
总检出率 | 85% | 98% | 86% | 51% | 60% | 91% | 45% | 92% | 88% | 98% | 99% | 99% | 100% | 100% | 95% | 100% | 100% |
a 16种PBDEs(BDE 28、47、66、99、100、153、154、183、196、197、202、203、206、207、208和209)浓度之和; b平均值±标准误差(SE),当样本检出率大于50%时计算平均值,否则视为未检出; c nd未检出。 |
表3 红树林沉积物中ABFRs的浓度[单位: ng·g-1 (干重)]Tab. 3 ABFRs concentrations in mangrove sediments (ng·g-1; dry weight) |
采样点 | DBDPE | BTBPE | HBB | PBT | PBEB | ∑ABFRs | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
福建 | 福鼎 | 3.15±0.612 | 0.0182±0.00118 | nd | nd | nd | 3.18±0.610 |
泉州 | 3.83±0.543 | 0.0428±0.00907 | 0.0123±0.00144 | nd | nd | 3.88±0.550 | |
龙海 | 26.7±4.58 | 0.114±0.0336 | nd | nd | nd | 26.8±4.60 | |
漳江口 | 4.58±1.56 | 0.0438±0.0112 | 0.00838±0.00245 | nd | nd | 4.63±1.57 | |
广东 | 深圳 | 29.4±1.71 | 1.11±0.366 | 0.205±0.0444 | 0.0243±0.00116 | 0.0257±0.00874 | 30.8±1.93 |
广州 | 16.5±5.07 | 0.839±0.360 | 0.571±0.152 | 0.0242±0.00194 | 0.00409±0.000235 | 17.8±5.38 | |
珠海 | 8.71±2.23 | 0.0706±0.0145 | 0.0385±0.00710 | nd | 0.00427±0.000800 | 8.83±2.23 | |
广西 | 山口 | 1.34±0.332 | 0.0144±0.00242 | 0.0284±0.0108 | nd | nd | 1.37±0.332 |
北海 | 4.69±0.309 | 0.264±0.236 | nd | nd | 0.0163±0.0102 | 4.97±0.260 | |
钦州 | 1.82±0.363 | 0.0234±0.0103 | nd | nd | 0.00302±0.000476 | 1.84±0.370 | |
防城港 | 0.899±0.277 | 0.0217±0.00989 | 0.0113±0.00188 | nd | nd | 0.933±0.279 | |
北仑河口 | 0.516±0.0382 | 0.0255±0.00946 | nd | nd | nd | 0.532±0.0455 | |
海南 | 花场 | 0.489±0.0198 | 0.0127±0.00449 | 0.00344±0.000448 | nd | nd | 0.501±0.0167 |
文昌 | 1.61±0.860 | 0.164±0.137 | nd | 0.00978±0.00114 | nd | 1.79±0.882 | |
三亚 | 5.44±2.19 | 0.123±0.0595 | nd | 0.0303±0.0159 | nd | 5.59±2.25 | |
东方 | 0.552±0.0146 | 0.0198±0.00883 | nd | 0.0101±0.00104 | nd | 0.578±0.0214 | |
总检出率 | 100% | 92% | 59% | 33% | 42% | 100% |
注: ∑ABFRs 为5种ABFRs(DBDPE、BTBPE、HBB、PBT和PBEB)浓度之和; 表中浓度数据为平均值±标准误差(SE), 当样本检出率大于50%时计算平均值, 否则视为未检出; nd表示未检出 |
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