Journal of Tropical Oceanography >
Iron-aluminum hypothesis and the potential of ocean aluminum fertilization as a carbon dioxide removal strategy
Copy editor: LIN Qiang
Received date: 2022-07-07
Revised date: 2022-08-21
Online published: 2022-09-05
Supported by
Key Special Project for Introduced Talents Team of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou)(GML2019ZD0405)
Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2019A1515011645)
China Scholarship Council(202004910004)
Development Fund of South China Sea Institute of Oceanology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(SCSIO202204)
Guangdong Provincial Science and technology plan project(2020B1212060001)
Human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) are the main drivers of global warming. Global warming poses a serious threat to the security of food, water resources, energy, economy, and other fields. Alleviating global warming is imperative. Not only does it require massive greenhouse gas emissions reduction, but also large-scale deployment of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) or negative emissions techniques to intentionally remove CO2 from the air and sequestrate it for a long period so that to decrease global net CO2 emissions to zero as soon as possible, and achieve "carbon neutrality". The ocean accounts for 70% of the earth's surface area and is the largest active carbon pool. It has a huge potential to absorb CO2. Ocean-based CDR is necessary to achieve carbon neutrality. The research on the theory, method, and technology of ocean CDR has become a hot spot and frontier field. At present, the knowledge of ocean CDR is still relatively limited, and there is a large space for development. The urgent need to mitigate global warming is promoting the rapid development of the basic theory of marine carbon sinks and ocean CDR research, and original progress is emerging. This paper mainly summarizes the theoretical basis of the Iron-Aluminum Hypothesis and discusses the potential of ocean aluminum fertilization as a CDR strategy. The iron-aluminum hypothesis indicates that aluminum can enhance carbon fixation by phytoplankton in the upper ocean, reduce the decomposition rate of biogenic carbon, improve the efficiency of the biological pump, increase carbon export and sequestration to the deep sea, regulate marine carbon sinks, and affect the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere. Thereby, as well as iron, aluminum may be a key factor in influencing historical and modern climate changes. Aluminum improves the efficiency of iron use and carbon export to the deep ocean, which can make up for the shortage of artificial ocean iron fertilization, and endow ocean aluminum fertilization with the potential to become a new CDR method and technology based on natural carbon sinks. Despite its potential high efficiency, ocean aluminum fertilization as a CDR method is still nascent. We suggest further study on the mechanisms underlying the roles of aluminum in enhancing marine carbon sinks from the three aspects 1) carbon fixation by marine phytoplankton in the upper ocean, 2) biogenic carbon export to the deep ocean, and 3) long-term carbon sequestration, and thus to strengthen the theoretical basis of iron-aluminum hypothesis and ocean aluminum fertilization. We also propose to verify the CDR efficacy of ocean aluminum fertilization and its potential environmental impacts at different temporal and spatial scales. The above two works are expected to provide basic scientific knowledge for the development and application of ocean aluminum fertilization as a CDR strategy.
ZHOU Linbin , HUANG Liangmin , TAN Yehui . Iron-aluminum hypothesis and the potential of ocean aluminum fertilization as a carbon dioxide removal strategy[J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2023 , 42(3) : 1 -18 . DOI: 10.11978/2022153
图1 海洋中铝的自然来源示意图改自Zhou等(2018b)。海水中铝的来源主要有河流径流输入, 沙尘气溶胶沉降, 沉积物再悬浮和海底热液口热液喷发。生物或非生物颗粒的吸附、吸收则将铝从海水中清除 Fig. 1 The natural sources of aluminum in the ocean (modified from Zhou et al, 2018b). The main sources of aluminum in the ocean include river runoff, dust deposition, sediment resuspension, and hydrothermal venting. The absorption and/or adsorption by biotic and abiotic particles scavenge aluminum from the seawater |
图2 铁铝假说示意图改自Zhou等(2018b)。自然铁施肥过程如(但不限于)沙尘气溶胶沉降不仅向海洋输入铁(Fe)还带来铝(Al)。Al一方面提高海洋浮游植物利用溶解有机磷(dissolved organic phosphorus, DOP)、Fe和N2(固氮)效率, 增加上层海洋固碳; 另一方面降低生源碳分解速率, 提高碳向深海输出、封存, 增强海洋碳汇能力, 从而影响气候变化, 在地球历史时期和现代气候变化过程中发挥重要作用 Fig. 2 Schematic description of the iron-aluminum hypothesis (modified from Zhou et al, 2018b). Natural Fe fertilization processes like (but not limited to) dust deposition provide the ocean not only with Fe but also Al. On the one hand, Al increases carbon fixation by enhancing the utilization efficiency of dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP), iron (Fe), and dinitrogen (N2) by marine phytoplankton. On the other hand, Al can increase carbon export and sequestration by decreasing the decomposition of biogenic carbon. By doing these, Al increases marine carbon sinks and plays an important role in historical (glacial-interglacial) and current climate changes |
图3 铝(Al)促进海洋浮游植物利用铁(Fe)和溶解有机磷(DOP)营养示意图改自 Zhou等(2021)。过程1: Al与超氧根离子(O2-•)结合形成Al-超氧根络合物(如AlO2•2+); 过程2: Al-超氧根络合物催化三价铁[Fe(Ⅲ)]还原为二价铁[Fe(Ⅱ)]; 过程3: 铁的生物可利用性提高, 增强海洋浮游植物对铁的吸收; 过程4: Al添加使更多的碱性磷酸酶结合在细胞表面, 而不是释放到海水中, 从而有助于细胞在磷限制条件下利用溶解有机磷 Fig. 3 Schematic diagram illustrating how aluminum (Al) may facilitate the uptake of iron (Fe) and the utilization of dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) by marine phytoplankton. Modified from Zhou et al (2021). 1. Al binds with superoxide (O2-•) to form an Al-superoxide complex (e.g. AlO2•2+); 2. Al-superoxide catalyzes the reduction of ferric iron (Fe(Ⅲ)) to ferrous iron (Fe(Ⅱ)); 3. Increased Fe bioavailability results in enhanced Fe uptake; 4. Al addition leads to a greater association of alkaline phosphatase (AP) with the cell surface rather than being released into seawater and facilitates the cells’ use of DOP in phosphorus-limited conditions |
图4 添加不同铝浓度Aquil*培养基中海洋硅藻威氏海链藻细胞颗粒大小分布改自Zhou等(2021)。第6天为指数生长后期, 第25天为衰退期, 第34天为衰退期后期 Fig. 4 Particle size distribution in cultures of the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii in Aquil* media with different aluminum concentrations. Modified from Zhou et al (2021). Day 6, the decline growth phase after the exponential phase; Day 25, the decay phase; Day 34, the late decay phase |
图5 南极Vostok冰芯记录过去16万年铝(Al)、铁(Fe)输入量与冰芯深度、冰芯封存空气CO2浓度变化改自Zhou等(2018b)和Martin (1990)。铁的数据由铝数据根据地壳中两种元素的平均丰度估算(Taylor, 1964) Fig. 5 Antarctic Vostok ice core data show the relationship of aluminum (Al) or iron (Fe) input with ice core depth and mean CO2 concentrations in air tapped into ice in the past 160 thousand years. Modified from Zhou et al (2018b) and Martin (1990). Al data were converted to Fe estimates based on the average crustal abundance values of the two elements (Taylor, 1964) |
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