Journal of Tropical Oceanography >
Interdecadal modulation of ENSO asymmetry by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and its mechanism
Copy editor: YAO Yantao
Received date: 2022-09-14
Revised date: 2022-11-10
Online published: 2022-12-12
Supported by
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41976015)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42176024)
El Niño and South Oscillation (ENSO) asymmetry between El Niño and La Niña events in the positive and negative Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) phases is examined using HadISST and ORAS3 ocean reanalysis products. It is found that ENSO asymmetry in the equatorial eastern Pacific is significantly weaker in the negative PDO phase than that in the positive PDO phase. It is found that the eastern Pacific's subsurface nonlinear dynamical heating (NDH) is likewise greatly affected by the various PDO phases, and it is much stronger during the PDO positive phase than that during the PDO negative phase through heat budget analysis of the ocean subsurface layer. The subsurface NDH is largely contributed by NDHx. A larger gap between the El Niño event and the La Niña event Subsurface Temperature Anomaly (SubTA) during the positive phase of the PDO is caused by the stronger subsurface NDHx in the East Pacific, which causes the asymmetry of the SSTA, and results in a stronger ENSO asymmetry in the East Pacific during the positive phase of the PDO than that during the negative phase of the PDO.
Key words: ENSO asymmetry; PDO; heat budget; NDH
LI Chengyong , MENG Xiangfeng , XIE Ruihuang . Interdecadal modulation of ENSO asymmetry by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and its mechanism[J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2023 , 42(4) : 36 -46 . DOI: 10.11978/2022189
图1 1950—2021年Nino3.4指数和PDO指数的时间序列图中虚线为判定ENSO事件的±0.5℃阈值 Fig. 1 Time series of Nino3.4 index and the PDO index. Dashed lines indicate the ±0.5℃ thresholds for ENSO events |
表1 PDO正负位相发生的El Niño和La Niña事件Tab. 1 El Niño and La Niña events in the different PDO phases |
PDO正位相 | PDO负位相 | |
---|---|---|
El Niño | 1976/77, 1977/78, 1982/83, 1986/88, 1991/92, 1994/95, 1997/98 | 1951/52, 1957/58, 1963/64, 1965/66, 1968/69, 1969/70, 1972/73, 2002/03, 2004/05, 2006/07, 2009/10, 2015/16, 2018/19 |
La Niña | 1983/84, 1984/85, 1988/89, 1995/96, 1998/2000, 2000/01 | 1950/51, 1954/56, 1964/65, 1970/71, 1973/74, 1975/76, 2007/08, 2010/11, 2011/12, 2017/18, 2020/21 |
图3 PDO正位相的El Niño(a)、La Niña(c)、El Niño+La Niña(e)和PDO负位相的El Niño(b) 、La Niña(d)、El Niño+La Niña(f)成熟阶段赤道太平洋SSTA分布图中白色区域为数据缺失区域 Fig. 3 Composites of mature phase mean SST anomaly (units: °C) over the tropical Pacific during (a) El Niño event and (c) La Niña event and (e) El Niño event+La Niña event in positive PDO phase and (b) El Niño event and (d) La Niña event and (e) El Niño event+La Niña event in negative PDO phase. The white area is the missing data area |
图5 PDO正位相期间的NDH(a)、NDHx(b)、NDHy(c)、NDHz(d)、和PDO负位相期间的NDH(e)、NDHx(f)、NDHy(g)、NDHz(h)在1°S—1°N之间的长期平均值图中黑线为气候态20°C等温线 Fig. 5 (a) The Long-term mean of the NDH averaged over 1°S—1°N in the positive PDO phase and its (b) zonal, (c) meridional, and (d) vertical components, (e) the long-term mean of the NDH averaged over 1°S—1°N in the negative PDO phase and its (f) zonal, (g) meridional, and (h) vertical components. The thick black line are the climatological 20℃ isotherm |
图8 PDO正位相El Niño(a)、PDO负位相El Niño(c)、PDO正位相La Niña(e)、PDO负位相La Niña(g)期间的SSTA (5°S—5°N)和PDO正位相El Niño(b)、PDO负位相El Niño(d)、PDO正位相La Niña(f)、PDO负位相La Niña(h)期间的SubTA(1°S—1°N, 50~150m)的经度-时间分布Fig. 8 Time-longitude composite of SSTA (5°S—5°N) of El Niño in (a) positive PDO phase and (c) negative PDO phase, SSTA (5°S—5°N) of La Niña over in (e) positive PDO phase and (g) negative PDO phase, SubTA (1°S—1°N and 50~150 m depth) of El Niño in (b) positive PDO phase and (d) negative PDO phase and SubTA (1°S—1°N and 50~150 m depth) of La Niña in (f) positive PDO phase and (h) negative PDO phase |
图9 PDO正位相(a)和PDO负位相(b)El Niño事件和La Niña事件中SubTA的时间变率、NDH和LDH以及PDO正位相(c)和PDO负位相(d)El Niño事件和La Niña事件中的NDHx、NDHy和NDHz图中各项均在1°N—1°S, 130—90°W和50~150 m间计算所得 Fig. 9 The subsurface temperature tendency terms (left) - (right) along the x-axis: the temperature tendency, the subsurface NDH, and the subsurface LDH in (a) positive PDO phase and (b) negative PDO phase. The subsurface temperature tendency terms (left)-(right) along the x-axis: the subsurface NDHx, the subsurface NDHy, and the subsurface NDHz in (c) positive PDO phase and (d) negative PDO phase. All the terms are averaged over the far eastern equatorial Pacific (1°N—1°S, 130—90°W and 50~150 m depth) for the developing period of the composite ENSO events |
图10 PDO不同位相下ENSO事件发展阶段1°S—1°N之间的温度异常(a, d, g, j)、纬向速度(b, e, h, k)和NDHx(c, f, i, l)的经度-时间分布Fig. 10 Longitude-depth structures between 1°S and 1°N in the development period of the composite ENSO events in different PDO phases. Anomalies of the (a, d, g, j) temperature (°C), (b, e, h, k) zonal current (m·s-1) and (c, f, i, l) NDHx |
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