Journal of Tropical Oceanography >
Distribution, main controlling factors and pollution assessment of heavy metals in surface seawater of the Northern Bay of Hainan Island, south China
Copy editor: LIN Qiang
Received date: 2023-01-04
Revised date: 2023-04-06
Online published: 2023-04-14
Supported by
Young Talents' Science and Technology Innovation Project of Hainan Association for Science and Technology(QCXM202008)
Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(421QN369)
Independent project of Key Laboratory of Marine Geology Resources and Environment of Hainan Province(ZZ[2020]2019256-01)
The dissolved heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn) were investigated based on the geochemical analysis of 106 surface seawater samples in the Northern Bay of Hainan Island. Correlation and factor analysis were used to study the sources and main controlling factors of distribution of heavy metals. The pollution levels of heavy metals were evaluated by the factor index and the Nemero index with weight modified. The results indicate that, the average contents of As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn are 0.58, 0.14, 8.68, 0.057, 2.07 and 26.24 μg·L-1, respectively. Additionally, the content of Cr is less than the minimum detection limit. The surface seawater, in the Dongzhai Harbor, east and north coast of the Puqian Bay, estuary of both the Maiya River and the Daomeng River, is with high content of dissolved heavy metals. The estuary of Nandu River, surrounding waters of the Ruyi Island and offshore waters of Haikou Bay are highly clean and non-pollution. The periphery of the Haikou Port, the estuary of the Maya River and the Daomeng River, the top and east coast of the Puqian Bay, and the west side of the Mulan Bay, where the pollution levels are low to medium. The pollution of the Dongzhai Port is moderate to serious. Furthermore, the pollution of the estuary of the Yanfeng River is the most serious. The pollution level of 6 heavy metals were sequenced in the decreased order of Pb> Cu> Zn> Hg> Cd> As. Therefore, Pb, Cu and Zn should be regarded as the key environmental monitoring and marine ecological research objects in the future. The heavy metals in the coastal seawater mainly came from terrestrial and ship pollution, meanwhile, the sources of heavy metals also included atmospheric input, agriculture and aquaculture. Higher salinity and lower pH can promote the desorption and release of heavy metals from suspended particles in seawater. In addition, hydrodynamic condition was also one of the main factors that controlled the heavy metals content in seawater.
ZENG Weite , ZHANG Dongqiang , LIU Bing , YANG Yongpeng , ZHANG Hangfei , WU Duoyu , WANG Xiaolin . Distribution, main controlling factors and pollution assessment of heavy metals in surface seawater of the Northern Bay of Hainan Island, south China[J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2023 , 42(6) : 156 -167 . DOI: 10.11978/2023004
表1 回收率容许值Tab. 1 Allowable value of recovery rate |
浓度或含量范围/(μg·L-1) | 回收率/% |
---|---|
<100 | 60~100 |
>100 | 80~100 |
>1000 | 90~110 |
容量及重量法 | 95~105 |
表2 权重修正内梅罗法评价标准Tab. 2 Pollution grades according to Nemero pollution index with weight modification |
污染程度 | 污染指数 |
---|---|
无污染 | P′<1.63 |
程度轻 | 1.63≤P′<2.28 |
程度中 | 2.28≤P′<3.68 |
程度严重 | P′ ≥3.68 |
表3 海水溶解态重金属含量测试结果统计Tab. 3 Heavy metal content in seawater |
统计量 | 重金属含量/(μg·L-1) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
As | Cd | Cu | Hg | Pb | Zn | |
最小值 | 0.19 | 0.05 | 0.64 | 0.0040 | 0.20 | 3.44 |
最大值 | 2.12 | 0.60 | 24.00 | 0.1600 | 11.00 | 88.00 |
平均值 | 0.58 | 0.14 | 8.68 | 0.0573 | 2.07 | 26.24 |
标准差 | 0.36 | 0.13 | 5.57 | 0.0308 | 2.21 | 24.53 |
变异系数 | 0.62 | 0.93 | 0.64 | 0.54 | 1.07 | 0.93 |
南渡江(祁士华 等, 2009) | 0.26 | 0.005 | 0.51 | 0.001 | 1.03 | 2.00 |
海南岛近岸(国土资源部中国地质调查局, 2011) | 3.78 | 0.62 | 6.35 | 0.101 | 3.14 | 20.61 |
琼州海峡(刘翠梅 等, 2002) | — | 0.02 | 1.37 | 0.046 | 0.11 | 11.11 |
南海中部(李景喜 等, 2013) | 1.90 | 1.30 | 1.60 | — | 1.99 | 6.47 |
表4 海水水质分类及重金属污染指数Tab. 4 Sea water standard and pollution index of heavy metals |
元素 | 达水质标准站位数 | Pi | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ⅰ类 | Ⅱ类 | Ⅲ类 | 最大值 | 最小值 | 平均值 | |
As | 106 | 0 | 0 | 0.106 | 0.010 | 0.029 |
Cd | 106 | 0 | 0 | 0.600 | 0.005 | 0.140 |
Hg | 46 | 60 | 0 | 3.200 | 0.080 | 1.155 |
Zn | 71 | 7 | 28 | 4.400 | 0.172 | 1.312 |
Cu | 33 | 31 | 42 | 4.800 | 0.128 | 1.737 |
Pb | 42 | 52 | 44 | 11.00 | 0.020 | 2.070 |
表5 重金属、盐度、pH和悬浮物相关系数Tab. 5 Correlation of physical and chemical parameters |
Zn | As | Cu | Pb | Cd | Hg | 盐度 | pH | 悬浮物 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zn | 1.000 | ||||||||
As | 0.675** | 1.000 | |||||||
Cu | 0.778** | 0.414** | 1.000 | ||||||
Pb | 0.560** | 0.256* | 0.549** | 1.000 | |||||
Cd | 0.630** | 0.459** | 0.502** | 0.460** | 1.000 | ||||
Hg | 0.272* | 0.312** | 0.176 | 0.196 | 0.130 | 1.000 | |||
盐度 | 0.338** | -0.014 | 0.318** | 0.379** | 0.300** | 0.144 | 1.000 | ||
pH | -0.590** | 0.080 | -0.472** | -0.492** | -0.391** | -0.221* | -0.481** | 1.000 | |
悬浮物 | 0.531** | 0.439** | 0.450** | 0.433** | 0.341** | 0.253* | 0.301** | -0.501** | 1.000 |
注: **a = 0.01时显著相关; *P=0.05时显著相关 |
表6 表层海水重金属因子信息Tab. 6 Factors information of heavy metals |
元素 | 因子载荷 | |
---|---|---|
因子1 | 因子2 | |
Cd | 0.777 | 0.097 |
Cu | 0.841 | 0.117 |
Pb | 0.740 | 0.045 |
Zn | 0.872 | 0.324 |
Hg | 0.022 | 0.929 |
As | 0.540 | 0.561 |
特征值 | 2.910 | 1.308 |
贡献率 | 48.50% | 21.81% |
累积贡献率 | 48.50% | 70.31% |
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