Journal of Tropical Oceanography >
Reconstructing salinity profile using temperature profile and sea surface salinity
Copy editor: LIN Qiang
Received date: 2020-12-01
Revised date: 2021-03-05
Online published: 2021-03-15
Supported by
National Natural Science Foundation of China(4177060056)
Copyright
A large number of marine observations contain only temperature profiles, but not salinity profiles that are important for understanding ocean dynamics. To construct salinity profiles, we use regression analysis methods to establish relationship of ocean salinity with historical ocean temperature, longitude, latitude, and satellite-based sea surface salinity (SSS) in the Bay of Bengal. The results of different inversion methods are then tested and evaluated. We find that without introducing SSS, the best reconstruct model is using temperature, namely, using the secondary items of temperature with longitude and latitude to determine the regression model. However, the introduction of SSS can further improve the inversion results. By comparing the reconstructions with the observations, we show that the steric height error calculated by the salinity profile inversion is more than 2.0 cm, while the error calculated after introducing SSS is less than 1.5 cm. The introduction of SSS can truly reflect the vertical structure and internal variation characteristics of ocean salinity profile. It can not only capture the SSS signal that has an important influence on the upper mixing layer, but also reflect the seasonal change of salinity on the thermocline and the seasonal change of the barrier layer. The inversion results are compared with the climatology, and the observed water mass is analyzed, showing that compared with the climatology, the inversion can better represent the variation characteristics of the surface water mass. However, below the mixing layer, there is no significant difference between the inversion and climatology.
HE Zikang , WANG Xidong , CHEN Zhiqiang , FAN Kaigui . Reconstructing salinity profile using temperature profile and sea surface salinity[J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2021 , 40(6) : 41 -51 . DOI: 10.11978/2020141
图3 4种不同反演盐度剖面方案中WOA气候态与实测资料之间的均方根误差随水深的变化(a)以及4种不同反演盐度剖面方案的技能得分(b)Fig. 3 RMSEs between WOA13 salinity and each of the four salinity reconstructions, showing in situ profiles (a) and skill scores of the four schemes (b) |
表1 不同方案垂向平均均方根误差Tab. 1 Mean RMSEs of different schemes |
实验方案 | 盐度垂向平均均方根误差/‰ |
---|---|
方案1 | 0.2011 |
方案2 | 0.1993 |
方案3 | 0.1946 |
方案4 | 0.1341 |
方案5 | 0.1682 |
WOA13气候态 | 0.2451 |
表2 不同方案垂向平均均方根误差Tab. 2 RMSEs of different schemes |
实验方案 | 均方根误差/cm |
---|---|
方案1 | 2.37 |
方案2 | 2.16 |
方案3 | 2.32 |
方案4 | 1.48 |
方案5 | 1.28 |
WOA13气候态 | 2.98 |
图4 不同方案反演盐度剖面计算的比容海面高度(a)和CTD航次轨迹(b)b中红点代表船的起始位置。该图基于国家测绘地理信息局标准地图服务网站下载的审图号为GS(2020)4392号的标准地图制作。 Fig. 4 Steric height of salinity profile reconstruction calculated using different schemes (a) and the cruise track of CTD (b), and the red star represents the start of the cruise |
图5 观测盐度断面及其重构结果a. 实测盐度断面; b.卫星观测作为表层盐度引入的方案5反演盐度断面; c.方案3反演盐度断面; d. 实测盐度异常断面; e. 方案5反演盐度断面; f. 方案3反演盐度异常断面。图中黑线表示混合层深度 Fig. 5 Salinity profile results. (a) Observed salinity profiles; (b) scheme 5 inversion salinity profiles using satellite SSS; (c) scheme 3 inversion of salinity profiles; (d) measured salinity abnormal profiles; (e) inversion of salinity anomaly profiles using scheme 4; and (f) inversion of salinity anomaly profiles using scheme 3. The black curve indicates mixed-layer depth |
图7 2016—2017年间观测盐度断面及其重构结果a. 实测盐度断面; b. 卫星观测作为表层盐度引入的方案4反演盐度断面; c. 方案3反演盐度断面; d. 实测盐度异常断面; e. 卫星观测作为表层盐度引入的方案4反演盐度断面; f. 方案3反演盐度异常断面;图中黑线表示混合层深度; a—c图中的蓝色实心曲线代表盐度34.2‰的等值线 Fig. 7 Results of observed salinity profiles and reconstruction during 2016-2017. (a) Observed salinity profiles; (b) reconstructed salinity profiles by scheme 4, using satellite SSS; (c) reconstructed salinity profiles by scheme 3; (d) observed salinity anomaly profiles; (e) reconstructed salinity anomaly profiles using scheme 4 and satellite SSS; (f) WOA13 climatology salinity anomaly profiles. The black curve is the mixed-layer depth, and the blue curve in (a-c) represents the depth of salinity isoline 34.2‰ |
图9 0m处孟加拉湾WOA气候态结果和反演结果与观测结果的对比a. WOA气候态结果与观测结果对比; b.反演结果与观测结果对比; c. 孟加拉湾赤道WOA气候态结果与观测结果对比; d. 孟加拉湾赤道反演结果与观测结果对比。图中等值线代表位势密度的超量 Fig. 9 Comparison between WOA climatology and reconstruction results with observations in the Bay of Bengal at 0m. (a) Comparison of WOA climatology and observations; (b) comparison of reconstruction and observations; (c) comparison of observations and WOA climatology on the equator in the Bay of Bengal; and (d) comparison of observations and reconstruction on the equator in the Bay of Bengal. |
图10 200m处孟加拉湾WOA气候态结果和反演结果与观测结果的对比Fig. 10 Comparison between WOA climatology and reconstruction results with observations in the Bay of Bengal at 200 m |
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