Journal of Tropical Oceanography >
Study on the characteristics of shoreline changes and ecological protection strategies of coral sandy islands: A case study of North Island in the Xisha Islands, South China Sea
Received date: 2024-12-10
Revised date: 2025-02-17
Online published: 2025-02-20
Supported by
PI Project of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou)(GML20220014)
Coral sandy islands, as a typical tropical marine landform, play a significant ecological role and hold great scientific research value. However, the intensification of global climate change and human activities poses a serious threat to their stability. This study focuses on North Island, a typical coral sandy island in the Xisha Islands of the South China Sea, using multi-temporal high-resolution remote sensing imagery from 2002 to 2023 and the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) to reveal its coastline dynamics and influencing factors. The study also proposes targeted protective measures. The results show that: 1) the coastline of North Island exhibits distinct stage characteristics. From 2002 to 2015, the coastline expanded slowly; from 2015 to 2019, due to dock construction at the southeastern end and island expansion, 57% of the coastline extended seaward through sediment deposition, with the coastline length and area sharply increasing, peaking in 2019. However, from 2019 to 2023, erosion intensified, with 47% of the coastline retreating and a total erosion area of 11846 m2. The spit area, influenced by monsoons, exhibited seasonal erosion-deposition cycles (erosion during the northeast monsoon and deposition during the southwest monsoon), while the beach rock area decreased drastically due to erosion susceptibility, human activities, and natural factors, leaving only 3827 m2 by 2023. 2) The evolution of coral sandy islands is fundamentally driven by the interaction between hydrodynamics and sediments, affected by both natural factors (e.g., coastal hydrodynamics, coral reef degradation, sea-level rise, extreme weather) and human disturbances. 3) This study proposes a hierarchical ecological protection system for coral sandy islands, with measures spanning from the supratidal to the subtidal zone, including vegetation-based sand fixation, mobile sand barriers, diamond-shaped sandbags, and beach rock restoration. These measures balance ecological conservation with island protection needs, providing practical and feasible recommendations for the protection and management of coral sandy islands in the South China Sea.
LIN Ting , QU Jianjun , WU Zhifeng , LI Yupei . Study on the characteristics of shoreline changes and ecological protection strategies of coral sandy islands: A case study of North Island in the Xisha Islands, South China Sea[J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2025 , 44(5) : 154 -165 . DOI: 10.11978/2024230
图1 研究区位置示意图a. 西沙群岛位置示意图, 基于自然资源部标准地图服务网站下载的审图号为GS(2023)2767号的标准地图制作, 图中红色方框为图b位置; b. 北岛位置示意图, 图中红色方框为图c位置; c. 北岛WorldView-2影像及分区示意图(成像时间: 2022年10月8日) Fig. 1 Location of the study area. (a) Location of the Xisha Islands; (b) location of North Island; (c) Worldview-2 satellite image and zoning map of North Island (Image date: October 8, 2022) |
表1 北岛高分辨率遥感影像Tab. 1 High-resolution remote sensing images of North Island |
| 成像时间 | 遥感卫星 | 分辨率/m | 潮位/cm | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 全色 | 多光谱 | |||
| 2002-07-31 | QuickBird | 0.5 | 2.0 | 126 |
| 2006-06-23 | QuickBird | 0.5 | 2.0 | 130 |
| 2010-02-07 | WorldView-2 | 0.5 | 2.0 | 105 |
| 2015-12-14 | GF-2 | 0.8 | 3.2 | 108 |
| 2019-08-11 | Worldview-2 | 0.5 | 2.0 | 138 |
| 2022-10-08 | Worldview-2 | 0.5 | 2.0 | 102 |
| 2023-03-09 | Worldview-2 | 0.5 | 2.0 | 80 |
| 2023-10-30 | ZY3-03 | 2.1 | 5.8 | 62 |
表2 北岛各阶段岸线侵蚀情况Tab. 2 Shoreline erosion conditions of North Island at different stages |
| 年份 | 最大侵蚀距离/m | 平均侵蚀距离/m | 最大侵蚀速率/(m·a-1) | 最大侵蚀速率/(m·a-1) | 侵蚀面积/m2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2002—2006 | 34.26 | 12.54 | 8.79 | 3.22 | 4115 |
| 2006—2010 | 54.62 | 13.18 | 15.08 | 3.63 | 8193 |
| 2010—2015 | 35.63 | 10.11 | 6.09 | 1.73 | 6114 |
| 2015—2019 | 46.57 | 14.84 | 12.73 | 4.06 | 6397 |
| 2019—2023 | 56.84 | 10.11 | 15.62 | 2.82 | 11846 |
图4 2002—2023年北岛岸线波动情况Fig. 4 Shoreline fluctuation of North Island (2002—2023) a. 2002—2006年; b. 2006—2010年; c. 2010—2015年; d. 2015—2019年; e. 2019—2023年 |
表3 北岛各阶段岸线淤积情况Tab. 3 Shoreline deposition conditions of North Island at different stages |
| 年份 | 最大淤积距离/m | 平均淤积距离/m | 最大淤积速率/(m·a-1) | 最大淤积速率/(m·a-1) | 淤积面积/m2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2002—2006 | 33.00 | 8.13 | 8.47 | 2.08 | 7400 |
| 2006—2010 | 48.79 | 14.11 | 13.47 | 3.89 | 6070 |
| 2010—2015 | 43.14 | 8.99 | 7.38 | 1.53 | 10082 |
| 2015—2019 | 110.67 | 18.59 | 30.26 | 5.08 | 40049 |
| 2019—2023 | 16.80 | 6.55 | 4.70 | 1.83 | 3002 |
图7 季风期沙嘴岸线变化a. 2022年10月; b. 2023年3月; c. 2023年10月 Fig. 7 Shoreline changes of sand spits during monsoon periods |
表4 季风期沙嘴变化情况Tab. 4 Shoreline fluctuation of sand spits during monsoon periods |
| 阶段 | 最大侵蚀距离/m | 最大淤积距离/m | 沙嘴侵蚀面积/m2 | 沙嘴淤积面积/m2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 东北季风期 | 54.39 | 18.37 | 5528 | 3649 |
| 西南季风期 | 27.16 | 52.08 | 4630 | 6715 |
| 完整季风期 | 9.21 | 15.13 | 1216 | 1332 |
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