Journal of Tropical Oceanography >
Dynamics and controlling factors of scleractinian corals in Yongxing Island over the past 40 years
Received date: 2025-02-06
Revised date: 2025-03-21
Online published: 2025-03-31
Supported by
Consultation and Evaluation Projects of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(2016ZWH005A-005)
Consultation and Evaluation Projects of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(2018-G01-B-005)
Project of the Collaborative Innovation Center of South China Sea Studies
Special Fund for Natural Resources Development of Jiangsu Province (Marine Science and Technology Innovation) Project(JSZRHYKJ202104)
Global coral reefs are undergoing continuous degradation, and it is universally acknowledged that alleviating local pressures stemming from regional coral reef degradation is crucial to counteracting the substantial impacts of escalating global stressors. The coral reefs of the Xisha Islands in the South China Sea, a vital component of the “Coral Triangle”, have exhibited varying degrees of degradation in recent years, as revealed by ecological monitoring. Analyzing coral reef degradation through relevant ecological indicators is vital for understanding coral reef trends and supporting restoration and management efforts. This paper, drawing upon existing surveys of Yongxing Island in the Xisha Islands, examines relevant ecological indicators such as coral coverage, replenishment, and bleaching rates. The results indicate that over the past 40 years, the scleractinian corals of Yongxing Island have undergone a phased pattern of degradation: healthy growth (1984-2006), rapid degradation (2006-2011), slow recovery (2011-2019), and renewed degradation (2019-2021). This trend follows a general pattern of “healthy growth→sharp degradation→slow recovery→renewed degradation”. The crown-of-thorns starfish emerges as the primary driver of rapid degradation, with coral diseases also playing a role during this stage. Human activities hindered the swift recovery of corals following the initial rapid degradation to a certain extent, while coral bleaching was the primary factor governing both slow recovery and later-stage renewed degradation. In comparison to the swift recovery of scleractinian corals in the Great Barrier Reef following its rapid degradation, the scleractinian corals of Yongxing Island have experienced more severe degradation, with a lower recovery rate over the past decade.
WU Mianxuan , LUO Xiaowen , ZHANG Yongzhan . Dynamics and controlling factors of scleractinian corals in Yongxing Island over the past 40 years[J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2025 , 44(6) : 51 -63 . DOI: 10.11978/2025019
图1 永兴岛区域示意图a. 永兴岛的位置示意图; b. 永兴岛的10km和100km缓冲区范围图; c. 永兴岛的区域示意图。a基于2018年自然资源部标准地图服务网站下载的审图号为GS(2022)4318 号的标准地图制作, 底图无修改; b、c基于联合国环境规划署世界保护监测中心(UNEP-WCMC)全球珊瑚礁数据库(Version 4.1, 2021)和2024年哨兵2号(Sentinel-2)影像制作 Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of Yongxing Island in the South China Sea. (a) Location map of Yongxing Island; (b) 10 km and 100 km buffer zones of Yongxing Island; (c) regional diagram of Yongxing Island |
表1 数据来源表Tab. 1 Data sources |
表2 永兴岛及东南侧造礁石珊瑚覆盖率和补充量年变化Tab. 2 Annual variations in scleractinian coral coverage and recruitment at Yongxing Island and its southeastern side |
| 年份 | 东南侧覆盖率/% | 东南侧补充量/(ind.·m-2) | 永兴岛覆盖率/% | 永兴岛补充量/(ind.·m-2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1984 | —— | —— | 70.00 | —— |
| 2002 | 55.7 | —— | 68.40 | —— |
| 2005 | —— | —— | 64.39 | 1.21 |
| 2006 | —— | —— | 66.25 | 0.66 |
| 2007 | 46.67 | 0.37 | 53.80 | 0.20 |
| 2008 | 51.40 | 0.12 | 16.84 | 0.07 |
| 2009 | 24.50 | 0.11 | 7.93 | 0.06 |
| 2010 | 25.50 | 0.25 | 11.55 | 0.07 |
| 2011 | 1.97 | 0.00 | 2.15 | 0.07 |
| 2012 | 1.79 | 0.00 | 2.15 | 0.16 |
| 2013 | 6.67 | 0.20 | 5.25 | 0.41 |
| 2014 | 6.40 | 0.60 | 4.38 | 0.25 |
| 2015 | 3.00 | 0.10 | 2.65 | 0.12 |
| 2016 | 5.00 | 0.10 | 5.25 | 0.20 |
| 2017 | —— | —— | 7.45 | 0.55 |
| 2018 | —— | —— | 8.32 | 0.91 |
| 2019 | —— | —— | 14.99 | 3.46 |
| 2020 | —— | —— | 13.60 | —— |
| 2021 | —— | —— | 7.22 | 3.22 |
图2 1984—2021年永兴岛及东南侧造礁石珊瑚覆盖率和补充量年际变化a. 永兴岛及东南侧造礁石珊瑚补充量年变化; b. 永兴岛及东南侧造礁石珊瑚覆盖率年变化 Fig. 2 Interannual variations in scleractinian coral coverage and recruitment at Yongxing Island and its southeastern side from 1984 to 2021. (a) Annual variations in scleractinian coral recruitment; (b) annual variations in scleractinian coral coverage |
图3 1986—2021年澳大利亚大堡礁珊瑚覆盖率年际变化a. 澳大利亚大堡礁的研究区示意图; b. 澳大利亚大堡礁整体及北、中、南部珊瑚覆盖率变化 Fig. 3 Interannual variations in coral coverage at Australia’s Great Barrier Reef from 1986 to 2021. (a) Schematic map of the study area; (b) variations in coral coverage for the entire reef and its northern, central and southern sections |
图4 2002—2021年永兴岛各退化控制因素指标年际变化a. 永兴岛叶绿素a含量; b. 长棘海星密度; c. 年末常住人口数; d. 海洋热浪级别天数占比 Fig. 4 Interannual variations in degradation control factors at Yongxing Island from 2002 to 2021. (a) Chlorophyll-a concentration; (b) density of crown-of-thorns starfish; (c) year-end resident population; (d) percentage of days with marine heatwave levels |
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