Journal of Tropical Oceanography >
Preliminary study on formation process of Sansha Yongle Blue Hole
Copy editor: YAO Yantao
Received date: 2021-06-17
Revised date: 2021-07-24
Online published: 2021-08-03
Supported by
Science and Technology Cooperation Project between Academies and Sanya City(2017YD22)
Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(2019RC259)
Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(417210)
Youth Innovation Promotion Association, Chinese Academy of Sciences(2018401)
Innovation Group Project of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai)(311021003)
Key Special Project for Introduced Talents Team of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou)(GML2019ZD0204)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41706051)
Blue holes retain original water, sediments, fossil remains, and intact organic skeletons, which are important natural heritages and geologic miracles and have great scientific values. As the deepest blue hole discovered in the world, the Sansha Yongle Blue Hole (SYBH) has typical cavity structure and hydrochemistrical characteristics; however, its formation process is still a scientific puzzle. Based on the tectonic evolution of the South China Sea, we analyze the development history of carbonate platform in Yongle Atoll. Formation of Yongle Atoll is mainly attributed to the aggradation and backstepping of carbonate platform that could generate escarpment to erosional platform margins and facilitate development of faults/fractures along the banks. According to oxygen isotopes (δ18O) in carbonate cores from the drilled wells of Yongle Atoll, phreatic dissolution mainly occurred from 14.75 m to 168.60 m in depth, which agrees with collapse of deep voids observed above the cave break at the depth 158m in Yongle Atoll. Compared with other blue holes and caves in the world, we propose that the formation of the SYBH is due to a combined action of fault/fracture of bank margin and collapse of deep voids. Phreatic (fresh water and sea water) dissolution along the fault/fracture formed sub-vertical sinkhole above 158 m in depth through collapse of deep voids, whereas it continued to work along fault/fracture to form a slightly inclined and narrower cave downward below 158m. Then, the SYBH finally evolved into a deep blue hole due to flooding of rising sea level. This study provides important knowledge and reference for exploring other blue holes in the future.
GAO Jinwei , FU Tengfei , ZHAO Minghui , ZHANG Hanyu , TIAN Liyan . Preliminary study on formation process of Sansha Yongle Blue Hole[J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2022 , 41(1) : 171 -183 . DOI: 10.11978/2021077
图2 西沙群岛各岛礁位置图(a)、永乐环礁卫星照片(b)与三沙永乐蓝洞航拍照片(c)图2a (a) Location map of atolls in the Xisha Islands (location marked as a box in |
图3 增生型(a)、陡崖型(b)和侵蚀型(c)台地边缘地层模型和斜坡曲线(d)图a Stratal models and slope profiles of accretionary, escarpment, and erosional platform margins. (a-c) Models of accretionary, escarpment, and erosional platform margins with depositional characteristics (modified from Playton et al, 2010); (d) slope profiles of different platform slope patterns showing variations in slope angle and slope height. Color lines represent the slopes of Yongle Atoll derived from multi-beam bathymetric data and seismic reflection profiles. Black lines are other carbonate margins modified from Playton et al (2010) |
图4 永乐孤立碳酸盐岩台地(左)随南海构造演化(右)的发育史示意图ASRRSZ: 哀牢山-红河断裂带; MT: 马尼拉海沟; XT: 西沙海槽; ZF: 中南断裂; DI: 东沙群岛; ZI: 中沙群岛; XI: 西沙群岛; MI: 民都洛岛; LB: 礼乐滩; PI: 巴拉望岛; NI: 南沙群岛; 南海构造演化图(右)改自Li等(2015) Fig. 4 Evolutionary of Yongle isolated carbonate platform (left) with the tectonic evolution of the South China Sea (right). ASRRSZ: Ailao Shan-Red River Shear Zone; MT: Manila Trench; XT: Xisha Trough; ZF: Zhongnan Fault; DI: Dongsha Islands; ZI: Zhongsha Islands; XI: Xisha Islands; MI: Mindoro Island; LB: Liyue Bank; PI: Palawan Island; NI: Nansha Islands. Right panels are modified from Li et al (2015) |
图7 西沙群岛6口钻井岩心的氧同位素曲线黑色条带标定了6口钻井的地下水溶蚀作用范围, 有虚线边界的粉色和蓝色区域分别代表了西沙群岛地区地下水溶蚀作用的顶、底界限, 黄色区域代表了地下水溶蚀作用的主要范围; 西琛1井、西永1井、西永2井和西石1井的氧同位素曲线源自赵强(2010), 琛科2井的氧同位素曲线源自Jiang等(2019), 西科1井的氧同位素曲线源自Shao等(2017); 各井位置详见 Fig. 7 Oxygen isotopes (δ18O) in carbonate cores from six drilled wells of Xisha Islands. Black strips mark the phreatic dissolution extent of six drilled wells; purple and blue areas with dashed lines represent the top and bottom boundaries of phreatic dissolution extent in the Xisha Islands, respectively; and yellow area represents the main phreatic dissolution extent. δ18O data of wells Xichen-1, Xiyong-1, Xiyong-2, and Xishi-1 are from Zhao (2010); data of Well Chenke-2 are from Jiang et al (2019); and data of Well Xike-1 are from Shao et al (2017). See |
*感谢两位审稿专家的建设性修改建议和意见及编辑部老师的耐心指导。
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