Journal of Tropical Oceanography >
Mixed layer depth responses to tropical cyclones Kalmaegi and Fung-Wong in the northeastern South China Sea
Received date: 2016-05-04
Request revised date: 2016-05-31
Online published: 2017-01-19
Supported by
Key Project of National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (41430968)
Major Program of Collaborative Innovation Center for 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road Studies (2015HS05)
Copyright
Utilizing the vertical profiles of temperature and salinity data obtained by Argo floats and multi-source satellite remote sensing data, including sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface wind fields, combined with the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Ⅱ reanalysis data, we analyzed changes of mixed layer depth (MLD) in the northeastern South China Sea (SCS) in responses to tropical cyclones Kalmaegi (typhoon) and Fung-Wong (tropical storm), which passed the SCS in succession in mid and late September 2014. The results indicate that the maximum net heat flux (upward into the air) increased from 170 to 400 W·m-2 at the air-sea interface, caused the maximum SST cooling of 3℃ by the “wind pump” effect after Kalmaegi and Fung-Wong passed through. The “cold wake” induced by Kalmaegi lasted for more than 10 days thanks to the following tropical storm Fung-Wong, indicating the effect of superposition in SST cooling. MLD was deepened from 23 to 50 m in the “cold wake” one day after Kalmaegi passed by. MLD was deepened from 31 to 91 m eight hours after Fung-Wong passed by, due to the coastal upwelling induced by offshore Ekman transport driven by wind stress at the southwestern of Taiwan Island. After the tropical cyclones passed by, salinity profile in the mixed layer showed uniformity later than temperature profile, and recovered earlier than temperature profile, revealing the time lag in mixed layer responses. For the spatial variation response to the two tropical cyclones, the changes of SST and MLD were larger on the right-hand side of the tropical cyclones (along the moving directions of tropical cyclones) than on the left-hand side. The uneven deepening even shallowing in MLD in the cold wake may reveal that different depths of deep cold water uplifted by the vertical current switch between upwelling and downwelling in the Ekman layer due to the change of Ekman pumping velocity.
Key words: mixed layer; tropical cyclone; SST; wind stress; marine remote sensing
SONG Yongjun , TANG Danling . Mixed layer depth responses to tropical cyclones Kalmaegi and Fung-Wong in the northeastern South China Sea[J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2017 , 36(1) : 15 -24 . DOI: 10.11978/2016045
Fig. 1 Tracks, intensity, and the maximum sustained wind speeds of Typhoon Kalmaegi (201415) and Tropical Strom Fung-Wong (201416), and the locations of five Argo floats in September 2014.图1 台风“海鸥”和热带风暴“凤凰”的路径、最大持续风速和5个Argo浮标的位置 |
Fig. 2 Changes of SST in responses to Typhoon Kalmaegi and Tropical Strom Fung-Wong. Before: Sep. 12 (a); during: Sep. 15 (b), Sep. 16 (c), Sep. 19 (d), Sep. 20 (e), Sep. 21 (f); after: Sep. 24 (g), Sep. 27 (h)图2 SST响应台风“海鸥”和热带风暴“凤凰”的变化过程 |
Tab. 1 Changes of SST and MLD in responses to tropical cyclones at Argo floats’ locations表1 Argo浮标处SST与MLD响应热带气旋的变化 |
浮标 | 海鸥(9月14~16日*) | 凤凰(9月19~21日*) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
与路径的关系 | SST降低/℃ | MLD/m | 与路径的关系 | SST降低/℃ | MLD/m | |||||||
位置 | 距离/km | 遥感 数据 | Argo 数据 | 过境前 | 最大 深度 | 位置 | 距离/km | 遥感 数据 | Argo 数据 | 最大 深度 | 恢复 深度 | |
Argo 1 | 右 | 125 | 0.48 | 0.41 | 31 | 35 | 左 | 260 | 0.88 | 0.60 | 43 | 46 |
Argo 2 | 左 | 160 | 2.15 | 2.35 | 23 | 50 | 左 | 400 | 2.68 | × | 37 | 31 |
Argo 3 | 中 | 10 | 0.70 | 0.96 | 40 | 41 | 左 | 100 | 1.45 | × | 45 | 36 |
Argo 4 | 右 | 180 | 0.45 | 0.54 | 31 | × | 中 | 0 | 1.40 | 1.42 | 42 | 36 |
Argo 5 | 右 | 480 | 0.36 | × | 31 | × | 左 | 25 | 0.75 | 0.51 | 91 | 49 |
注: *表示热带气旋过境研究区域的日期; ×表示缺测; 因为“凤凰”过境前Argo浮标所在海域的MLD是受到“海鸥”不同程度影响而处于非稳定状态, 故表中两个热带气旋在MLD一栏的项目有所差别。 |
Fig. 3 During the processes of Kalmaegi (201415) and Fung-Wong (201416) in 2014, vertical profiles of temperature (solid lines) and salinity (dashed lines) within the depth of 200 m were derived from five Argos at different times: Sep. 11~12 (a), Sep. 15~16 (b), Sep. 19~20 (c), Sep. 23~24 (d), Sep. 27 (e), and the time difference in every figure was within 24 hours图3 台风“海鸥”和热带风暴“凤凰”过程中, 5个Argo浮标在不同日期测得的200m内的剖面温度(实线)、盐度(虚线)剖面数据 |
Fig. 4 Changes of MLD, temperature (b) and salinity (c) within the mixed layer derived from Argo 5 at different times, during the processes of Typhoon Kalmaegi (201415) and Tropical Strom Fung-Wong (201416) in 2014. Arrows indicate the time when Fung-Wong passed the Luzon Strait, black dots in b and c are the mean values of temperature and salinity in the mixed layer, respectively图4 台风“海鸥”和热带风暴“凤凰”过程中, 浮标Argo 5在不同日期测得的MLD(a)以及混合层内温度(b)、盐度(c)的变化 |
Fig. 5 The sea surface net heat flux (units: W·m-2, positive upward) during Typhoon Kalmaegi (201415) and Tropical Strom Fung-Wong (201416) in 2014. Before: Sep. 12 (a); during: Sep. 15 (b), Sep. 16 (c), Sep. 19 (d), Sep. 20 (e), Sep. 21 (f); after: Sep. 24 (g), Sep. 27 (h)图5 台风“海鸥”和热带风暴“凤凰”过程中的海表面净热通量(向上为正) |
Fig. 6 Changes of Ekman layer depth in responses to Typhoon Kalmaegi (201415) and Tropical Strom Fung-Wong (201416). Before: Sep. 12 (a); during: Sep. 14 (b), Sep. 15 (c), Sep. 16 (d), Sep. 19 (e), Sep. 20 (f), Sep. 21 (g); after: Sep. 24 (h)图6 Ekman层深度在台风“海鸥”和热带气旋“凤凰”过境时的变化 |
Fig. 7 Changes of Ekman transport (vector) and Ekman pumping velocity (color shading) in the Ekman layer during Typhoon Kalmaegi (201415) and Tropical Strom Fung-Wong (201416) in 2014. Before: Sep. 12 (a); during: Sep. 15 (b), Sep. 16 (c), Sep. 19 (d), Sep. 20 (e), Sep. 21 (f); after: Sep. 24 (g), Sep. 27 (h)图7 Ekman层内埃克曼输送(向量)和埃克曼抽吸(色标)在台风“海鸥”和热带气旋“凤凰”过程中的变化 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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