Journal of Tropical Oceanography >
Recent progress on submarine cold seep activity of the northern Indian Ocean
Received date: 2016-11-18
Request revised date: 2017-01-16
Online published: 2018-01-18
Supported by
National Natural Science Foundation of China (41422602, 41773091)
#cod#x0201c;Hundred Talents Program#cod#x0201d; of Chinese Academy of Sciences
Foundation of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (QNLM2016ORP0204)
Copyright
The discovery of cold hydrocarbon seeps has been one of the most important achievements of marine geology besides hydrothermal vents during the last half century. Gravitational and tectonic forces are common in the northern Indian Ocean, which results in methane seepages on the seafloor. Recent studies of cold hydrocarbon seeps from Makran and Bay of Bengal areas have made important progresses and these findings have opened a window for understanding the resource and environmental issues of submarine cold seeps. An overview about the present knowledge of the northern Indian Ocean is provided, which concentrates on 1) sedimentary records of the cold seep activities in the Makran area both inside and outside of the oxygen minimum zone and the cold seep activity triggered by earthquake activity, and 2) the dissociation of gas hydrate in the Bay of Bengal that recorded in the carbonate rocks. Furthermore, challenges of seep research in the northern Indian Ocean and scientific problems in the future are discussed.
Key words: Northern Indian Ocean; cold seep activity; geological records; Makran; Bay of Bengal
WANG Xudong , HUANG Huiwen , SUN Yuedong , LI Niu , HU Yu , FENG Dong . Recent progress on submarine cold seep activity of the northern Indian Ocean[J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2017 , 36(6) : 82 -89 . DOI: 10.11978/2016120
Fig. 1 Schematics showing global distribution of cold seeps.The seeps from the northern Indian Ocean are mainly located in the region of Makran and Bay of Bengal (in the black dotted box). After Suess (2014) 图1 全球冷泉分布示意图 北印度洋冷泉主要位于莫克兰和孟加拉湾地区(黑色虚线框)(据Suess (2014)修改) |
Fig. 2 Distribution of typical cold seeps in the northern India Ocean.Data from Mazumdar et al (2009), Himmler et al (2010, 2015), Fischer et al (2012), and Teichert et al (2014) 图2 北印度洋典型冷泉分布图 数据引自Mazumdar et al, 2009; Himmler et al, 2010, 2015; Fischer et al, 2012; Teichert et al, 2014 |
Tab. 1 Information and brief description of cold seep sites in the Northern Indian Ocean表1 北印度洋海底冷泉点位信息及简要描述 |
海域 | 北纬 | 东经 | 水深/m | 简要介绍 | 参考文献 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
莫克兰 | 24#cod#x000b0;38#cod#x02032;33″ | 62#cod#x000b0;44#cod#x02032;15″ | 1656 | 活动冷泉, 海底出露冷泉碳酸盐岩和管状蠕虫、贻贝等生物群落 | Himmler et al, 2010, 2015 |
24#cod#x000b0;11#cod#x02032;46″ | 62#cod#x000b0;44#cod#x02032;19″ | 2861 | 活动冷泉, 发育甲烷气泡, 近海底有化能自养底栖生物, 海底1.6m以下发育天然气水合物 | Fischer et al, 2012 | |
孟加拉湾 | 15#cod#x000b0;51#cod#x02032;52″ | 81#cod#x000b0;50#cod#x02032;04″ | 1033 | 不活动冷泉, 海底出露冷泉碳酸盐岩结核和小烟囱, 也发现冷泉生物Calyptogena sp.化石 | Mazumdar et al, 2009; |
16#cod#x000b0;31#cod#x02032;17″ | 82#cod#x000b0;40#cod#x02032;51″ | 1285 | 不活动冷泉, 沉积物中发育冷泉碳酸盐岩 | Teichert et al, 2014 | |
15#cod#x000b0;51#cod#x02032;52″ | 81#cod#x000b0;50#cod#x02032;04″ | 1038 | |||
15#cod#x000b0;51#cod#x02032;38″ | 81#cod#x000b0;50#cod#x02032;14″ | 1046 | |||
马尔代夫 | 0#cod#x000b0;~7#cod#x000b0; | 72#cod#x000b0;30#cod#x02032;~74#cod#x000b0; | #cod#x02014; | 麻坑区, 海底发育一系列拱顶和直径达3000m, 深度达180m的麻坑 | Betzler et al, 2011 |
红海 | 22#cod#x000b0;17#cod#x02032;18″ | 38#cod#x000b0;53#cod#x02032;48″ | 840~850 | 活动冷泉, 发育有冷泉生物的卤水渗漏 | Batang et al, 2012 |
苏门答腊 | 2#cod#x000b0;33#cod#x02032;46″~2#cod#x000b0;33#cod#x02032;50″ | 96#cod#x000b0;45#cod#x02032;24″~96#cod#x000b0;45#cod#x02032;26″ | 1130 | 活动冷泉, 海底出露碳酸盐岩、管状蠕虫和细菌席等 | Siegert et al, 2011 |
Fig. 3 Active seeps of Makran (Bohrmann et al, 2008).(a) Abundant living mussels on carbonate pavements; (b) dense accumulations of mussels (Bathymodiolus platifrons) and crabs (Shinkaia crosnieri); (c) bacterial maps surrounding gas bubble escape sites; and (d) a bubble emanating spot 图3 莫克兰地区活动冷泉(Bohrmann et al, 2008) a. 碳酸盐岩上覆盖大量贻贝; b. 密集分布的冷泉贻贝和潜铠虾; c. 渗漏点附近的细菌席; d. 一个气体释放点位 |
Fig. 4 Geological record of cold seep activity in the Bay of Bengal.(a) Large authigenic carbonate nodules of sediments (Collett et al, 2008); (b) mudstone concretion with gas flow conduit (chimney)( Joshi et al, 2014); (c) fragment of Calyptogena sp. shell external surfaces (Joshi et al, 2014); and (d) possible fossil chemosynthetic communities in sediments (Collett et al, 2008) 图4 孟加拉湾地区冷泉流体活动的地质记录 a. 沉积物中的碳酸盐岩结核(Collett et al, 2008); b. 烟囱状碳酸盐岩(Joshi et al, 2014); c. Calyptogena sp.壳体碎片(Joshi et al, 2014); d. 沉积物中可能的化能自养生物群落化石(Collett et al, 2008) |
Fig. 5 Cold seep carbonates #cod#x003b4;13C, #cod#x003b4;18O (take Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite as a standard, abbreviated as VPDB) scatter plot of the northern Indian Ocean(von Rad et al, 1996; Mazumdar et al, 2009; Himmler et al, 2015; Kocherla et al, 2015) 图5 北印度洋地区冷泉碳酸盐岩碳氧同位素散点图(以Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite为标准, 简写为VPDB) 引自von Rad et al, 1996; Mazumdar et al, 2009; Himmler et al, 2015; Kocherla et al, 2015 |
Fig. 6 Photographs of carbonates and seafloor at seeps inside and outside of Makran oxygen minimum zone. After Himmler et al (2015)图6 莫克兰最小含氧带内外的冷泉碳酸盐岩及海底照片(引自Himmler et al, 2015) |
Fig. 7 Pattern diagrams of cold seep activity triggered by earthquake.(a) Seabed model of pre-event; (b) seabed model of post-event; and (c) diagenetic Ba content and sulfate concentration of surface sediments. Dashed line represents pre-event, and solid line denotes post-event.After Fischer et al (2013) 图7 地震触发冷泉流体活动模式图 a. 震前; b. 震后; c. 地震前(虚线)后(实线)表层沉积物成岩Ba含量(红色)和硫酸根浓度(蓝色)(Fischer et al, 2013) |
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