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Journal of Tropical Oceanography >

2018 , Vol. 37 >Issue 5: 86 - 97

DOI: https://doi.org/10.11978/2017113

Orginal Article

Bottom water temperature measurements in the South China Sea, eastern Indian Ocean and western Pacific Ocean*

  • YANG Xiaoqiu , 1 ,
  • SHI Xiaobin 1 ,
  • ZHAO Junfeng 1 ,
  • YU Chuanhai 1, 2 ,
  • GAO Hongfang 3 ,
  • CHEN Aihua 3 ,
  • LU Yuanzheng 4 ,
  • CEN Xianrong 4 ,
  • LIN Weiren 5 ,
  • ZENG Xin 1 ,
  • XU Hehua 1 ,
  • REN Ziqiang 1, 2 ,
  • ZHOU Shengqi 4 ,
  • XU Ziying 3 ,
  • SUN Jinlong 1 ,
  • KAMIYA Nana 5 ,
  • LIN Jian 1
Expand
  • 1. CAS Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Guangzhou 510301, China 2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • 3. Key Laboratory of Marine Mineral Resources, Ministry of Land and Resources, Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Guangzhou 510075, China
  • 4. State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
  • 5. Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
Corresponding author: YANG Xiaoqiu (1981—), male, Ji'an City, Jiangxi Province, Ph.D., Associate Researcher, major in Geothermics, principle study and technique development of heat flow measurement. E-mail: ORCID ID: 0000-0002-3113-8796

Received date: 2017-10-20

  Request revised date: 2018-02-27

  Online published: 2018-10-13

Supported by

Instrument Developing Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (YZ201136)

National Natural Science Foundation of China (41106086, 41474065, 41376059, 41376061, 91428205, 41576036, 41076028, 41476167, and 41606080)

Chinese Academy of Sciences Scholarship, the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDA11040303, XDA13010104 and XDA11030301)

National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (“863” Program) (2006AA07A203 and 2009AA09A201-05)

China Geological Survey Program (1212011220117)

Open Project of Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences, State Oceanic Administration (KLSG1502)

and Mariana Trench Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Y4SL021001).

Copyright

热带海洋学报编辑部
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Abstract

In this paper, we reported the latest bottom water temperature (BWT) data, from 158 stations in the South China Sea (SCS), 30 stations in the eastern Indian Ocean (EIO) and 37 stations in the western Pacific Ocean (WPO). Based on the new data in the SCS and WPO, we obtained good empirical relationships between BWT and water depth. They can provide accurate and reliable boundary conditions for geophysics and physical oceanography in the SCS and WPO. Furthermore, it will be very helpful for the investigation and assessment of oil and gas resources in the oceans. The measured BWT in the SCS (~2.47°C) is higher than that in the EIO (~1.34°C) and WPO (~1.60°C) where the water depth is deeper than 3500 m. This is consistent with the model of the great ocean conveyor belt since the cold and saline deep water, which is from Greenland, Iceland in the North Atlantic and the sea area around the Antarctica, enters the Indian and Pacific oceans from the south. In the Southwest Taiwan Basin, the BWTs at several stations are around 3.00°C, which is clearly higher than the average value (~2.33°C) at other stations with the same water depth range (2700~3000 m) in this basin. The local high anomaly of BWT is probably caused by the hydrothermal activity in the Southwest Taiwan Basin. In the EIO and WPO, the BWT increases slightly at the rates of 10.6 mK·MPa-1 and 12.0 mK·MPa-1, respectively, when the water depth is deeper than 4800 m. The rising rates are consistent with the estimated adiabatic pressure derivative of the temperature of the deep bottom water. It indicates that the BWT rising is mainly caused by the adiabatic compression in the deep water.

Key words： bottom water temperature; South China Sea; eastern Indian Ocean; western Pacific Ocean; model of the great ocean conveyor belt

Cite this article

YANG Xiaoqiu , SHI Xiaobin , ZHAO Junfeng , YU Chuanhai , GAO Hongfang , CHEN Aihua , LU Yuanzheng , CEN Xianrong , LIN Weiren , ZENG Xin , XU Hehua , REN Ziqiang , ZHOU Shengqi , XU Ziying , SUN Jinlong , KAMIYA Nana , LIN Jian . Bottom water temperature measurements in the South China Sea, eastern Indian Ocean and western Pacific Ocean*[J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2018 , 37(5) : 86 -97 . DOI: 10.11978/2017113

Bottom water temperature (BWT) is a fundament parameter in Geophysics and Physical Oceanography. BWT, as a key boundary condition for obtaining the thermal structure of ocean lithosphere in a numerical model (Shi et al, 2002; Hamamoto et al, 2011; Spinelli and Harris, 2011), is helpful for the investigation and assessment of oil and gas resources in the oceans (Yuan, 2007); and it is a key parameter for correcting acoustic velocities of bottom water and ocean sediments (Hamilton, 1970, 1971; Stoll, 1977; Zou et al, 2008). Especially, the anomaly of BWT is important evidence for the hydrothermal activity caused by mud volcano, methane gas extravasation, recharge/discharge of pore fluid in the ocean crust, and so on. In fact, BWT changes with water depth. In recent years, BWT data were obtained during seafloor heat flow measurements, IODP drillings and oil drillings. Yuan (2007) and Shi et al (2015) reported relations between BWT and water depth in the South China Sea (SCS). During the past 10 years, we obtained more than 170 BWT data during 12 research cruises in the SCS, eastern Indian Ocean (EIO) and western Pacific Ocean (WPO) by using Heat Flow Probe (HF Probe), Conductivity-Temperature-Depth Profiler (CTD), Ocean Bottom Seismometer (OBS), Sediments Box Core (SBC), and Sediments Trap (ST). In this paper, we will report the latest BWT data and its relationship with water depth in the SCS after combining parts of previously published data (Shyu et al, 2006) and measurements from MR03-K04 Leg5 Cruise (Fukasawa et al, 2003; Uchida et al, 2005) and IODP Exp. 349 (Expedition 349 Scientists, 2014).

1 Measurement Methods

During the past 10 years, we obtained BWT data from more than 170 stations in the SCS, EIO and WPO (Figure 1). Most of the BWT data were measured by the HF Probe and CTD; the others were obtained by mounting the Miniaturized Temperature Unit (MTU) on the OBS, SBC and ST. The MTUs were developed by ourselves based on a bridge reversal excitation circuit with a high temperature resolution of 1.0 mK (Qin et al, 2013).
Fig. 1 Distribution of BWT stations in the South China Sea, eastern Indian Ocean and western Pacific Ocean. Parts of BWT stations located in areas A, B and C are not shown because their location information is still not released to the public according the Data Management Policy
Usually, the CTD and ST were put down from deck and stopped in the water 10~50 m above the seafloor. At station SCS2015-ST01, the ST was set in the water about 100 m above the seafloor. So, the temperature data from CTD and station SCS2015-ST01 can be considered as BWT since there was very small difference. We also collected 23 sets of BWT data in the southwest Taiwan Basin (the northeast marginal of the SCS) (Shyu et al, 2006), three sets of BWT data in the SCS from IODP Exp. 349 (Expedition 349 Scientists, 2014), 13 sets of BWT data in the EIO (Fukasawa et al, 2003; Uchida et al, 2005; the Carbon Hydro-graphic Data Office website https://cchdo. ucsd.edu/), five sets of BWT data in the Japan Trench and three sets of BWT data in the Nankai Trough from the International Ocean Discovery Expedition Preliminary Reports of Exp. 316, 332, 337 and 343 (Kimura et al, 2008; Kopf et al, 2011; Inagaki et al, 2012; Chester et al, 2012). All these preliminary reports were published by the Data and Sample Research System for Whole Cruise Information in Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (http://www.godac. jamstec.go.jp/darwin/e/). Although it is not possible to have unified temperature accuracy since these BWT data were measured by different temperature sensors, the temperature accuracy is better than 0.05°C for all the temperature sensors used to measure the BWT data. Consequently, the temperature accuracy for the data used in this study can be assumed to be 0.05°C.

2 Results and Discussion

2.1 Results

In this paper, we report the latest BWT data.There are 158 stations in the SCS, 17 stations in the EIO and 15 stations in the WPO. Figure 2 shows the profiles of the BWT data. Detailed station information is listed in Appendix 1. Based on the 158 sets of BWT data in the SCS and the least square method, an empirical relationship between BWT and water depth (Z) can be expressed as follows,
$\text{BWT}\_\text{SCS}(Z)=\left\{ \begin{align} & \frac{3.277\cdot {{Z}^{5}}}{{{10}^{15}}}-\frac{5.780\cdot {{Z}^{4}}}{{{10}^{12}}}-\frac{1.578\cdot {{Z}^{3}}}{{{10}^{8}}}+\frac{5.112\cdot {{Z}^{2}}}{{{10}^{5}}}-\frac{5.240\cdot Z}{{{10}^{2}}}+24.01,\ Z\le 1500\ \text{m} \\ & -\frac{5.143\cdot {{Z}^{5}}}{{{10}^{17}}}+\frac{7.860\cdot {{Z}^{4}}}{{{10}^{13}}}-\frac{4.686\cdot {{Z}^{3}}}{{{10}^{9}}}+\frac{1.367\cdot {{Z}^{2}}}{{{10}^{5}}}-\frac{1.968\cdot Z}{{{10}^{2}}}+13.78,\ 1500\ \text{m}＜Z\le 4500\ \text{m} \\ \end{align} \right.,\ {{R}^{2}}=0.960,$
in which the units of Z and BWT are m and °C, respectively. These measurement results show that the BWT in the SCS decreases with Z rapidly within 3500 m, and then remains around 2.47°C, which is the average BWT when the water depth is deeper than 3500 m in the SCS.
Fig. 2 (a) BWT verses water depth (Z) in the South China Sea (SCS; red circle), eastern Indian Ocean (EIO; blue diamond) and western Pacific Ocean (WPO; green triangle). The red and green solid lines are the fitted BWT curves shown in Eq. (1) and Eq. (2), respectively. (b) is an enlarged figure for BWT < 6°C. (c) shows the relationships between BWT and water pressure (P) in the EIO and WPO for water depth deeper than 4800 m
According to the least square method, the empirical relationship between BWT and Z in the WPO can be obtained as follows,
$\text{BWT }\!\!\_\!\!\text{ WPO}(Z)=-\frac{6.433\cdot {{Z}^{5}}}{{{10}^{19}}}+\frac{2.276\cdot {{Z}^{4}}}{{{10}^{14}}}-\frac{2.938\cdot {{Z}^{3}}}{{{10}^{10}}}+\frac{1.793\cdot {{Z}^{2}}}{{{10}^{6}}}-\frac{5.219\cdot Z}{{{10}^{3}}}+7.37,\ 920\ \text{m}\le Z\le 7520\ \text{m},\ {{R}^{2}}=0.964.$

2.2 BWT in South China Sea, eastern Indian Ocean and western Pacific Ocean

Fig. 2 shows that the BWT in the SCS is higher than that in the EIO and WPO in the deep water. For example, when the water depth is deeper than 3500 m, the BWT is about 2.47°C in the SCS, but was only ~1.34°C and ~1.60°C in the EIO and WPO, respectively (Fig. 2b). In the Southern Ocean, the BWT is less than 0°C (Gordon, 1971, 1972; Orsi et al, 1999). Especially, the Ice Shelf Water, identified by a deep temperature minimum, has temperature as low as -2.13°C near its source at the base of the Ross Ice Shelf (Jacobs et al, 1970).
In the model of the great ocean conveyor belt (Fig. 3), the cold and saline deep water, which is from Greenland, Iceland in the North Atlantic and the sea area around the Antarctica, enters the Indian and Pacific oceans from the south (Broecker, 2010). According to this model, we can infer that the BWT in the SCS should be higher than that in the Indian and Pacific oceans because the SCS is located in the tropics, and is almost an enclosed marginal sea. Clearly, the measurement results of the BWT are consistent with the model of the great ocean conveyor belt.
Fig. 3 The model of the great ocean conveyor belt. Modified from Broecker (2010)
Interestingly, when the water depth is deeper than ~4800 m in the EIO and WPO, there is a trend of BWT rising. We can obtain the relationships between BWT and water pressure (P) as follows,
$\begin{align} & \text{BWT }\!\!\_\!\!\text{ EIO}(P)=0.0106\cdot P+0.60, \\ & \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 4800\ \text{m}\le Z,\ {{R}^{2}}=0.720, \\ \end{align}$
$\begin{align} & \text{BWT }\!\!\_\!\!\text{ WPO}(P)=0.0120\cdot P+0.92,~ \\ & \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 4800~\text{m}\le Z,~\ {{R}^{2}}=0.715, \\ \end{align}$
in which the units of P and BWT are MPa and °C, respectively (Fig. 2c). The rising rates of BWT in the EIO and WPO are 0.0106°C·MPa-1 and 0.0120°C·MPa-1, respectively, when the water depth is deeper than 4800 m.
Based on the classic thermoelastic theory, a convenient relationship between temperature change (dT) and the confining pressure change (dP) of sea water can be expressed as follows,
$\left\{ \begin{align} & \text{d}T=\beta \cdot \text{d}P \\ & \beta =\frac{{{\alpha }_{v}}}{\rho {{c}_{\text{p}}}}\cdot {{T}_{0}} \\ \end{align} \right.$,
where αv, ρ, cp, and β=(∂T/∂P)s are the coefficient of volumetric thermal expansion, density, heat capacity, and the adiabatic pressure derivative of the temperature of sea water at thermodynamic temperature T0 and water pressure P (Yang et al, 2017). When the water depth is deeper than 4800 m, BWT ranges from 1.15°C to 1.25°C in the EIO and from 1.50°C to 1.83°C in the WPO. Therefore, the BWT can be set to be the average value of 1.20°C and 1.67°C in the deep water (>4800 m) in the EIO and WPO, respectively. The measured salinity of the deep water is about 34.698‰ in the Mariana Trench (Taira et al, 2005). If we assume that the salinity of deep bottom water is the same in the EIO, we can calculate the coefficient of volumetric thermal expansion (αv), density (ρ) and heat capacity (cp) of deep see water in the EIO and WPO by using TEOS-10 (the official source for information about the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater - 2010, http://www.marine. csiro.au/~jackett/TEOS-10). Then, we can estimate β of the deep water in the EIO and WPO using Eq. (5). All the calculated αv, ρ and cp along with the estimated β are listed in Table 1.
Tab. 1 Estimate of β of bottom water in the eastern Indian Ocean and western Pacific Ocean
No. T0/°C T0/K P/MPa S/‰ αv×10-6
/°C-1		 ρ×103
/(kg·m-3)		 cp×103
/(J·kg-1·°C-1)		 (ρcp)
/(MJ·m-3·°C-1)		 β=(∂T/∂P)s /(°C·MPa-1) Sea Area
1 1.200 274.350 48.0 34.698 179.9 1.049 3.861 4.051 0.0122 EIO
2 1.200 274.350 50.0 34.698 183.9 1.050 3.857 4.050 0.0125 EIO
3 1.200 274.350 60.0 34.698 203.1 1.054 3.838 4.046 0.0138 EIO
4 1.200 274.350 70.0 34.698 221.1 1.058 3.821 4.044 0.0150 EIO
5 1.200 274.350 80.0 34.698 237.9 1.062 3.805 4.043 0.0161 EIO
6 1.665 274.815 48.0 34.698 183.5 1.049 3.863 4.053 0.0124 WPO
7 1.665 274.815 50.0 34.698 187.4 1.050 3.859 4.052 0.0127 WPO
8 1.665 274.815 60.0 34.698 206.3 1.054 3.840 4.048 0.0140 WPO
9 1.665 274.815 70.0 34.698 224.0 1.058 3.823 4.046 0.0152 WPO
10 1.665 274.815 80.0 34.698 240.5 1.062 3.807 4.045 0.0163 WPO

Notes: 1) T0, P and S are the deep ocean temperature, pressure, and salinity, respectively; 2) αv, ρ, cp, (ρcp), and β=(∂T/∂P)s are the coefficient of volumetric thermal expansion, density, heat capacity, volumetric heat capacity, and the adiabatic pressure derivative of the temperature of sea water. All αv, ρ and cp were calculated at the constant salinity of 34.698‰ and different temperatures and pressures by TEOS-10. The official source of information about the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater - 2010 is at http://www.marine.csiro.au/~jackett/TEOS-10

When the water depth ranges from 4800 to 6000 m in the EIO, β of bottom water is from 0.0122 to 0.0138°C·MPa-1, which is close to the BWT rising rate of 0.0106°C·MPa-1. In the WPO, β of bottom water ranges from 0.0124 to 0.0163°C·MPa-1, which is consistent with the BWT rising rate of 0.0120°C·MPa-1.
The above results indicate that the BWT rising is mainly caused by the adiabatic compression in the deep water.

2.3 Comparison with Published Results

Yuan (2007) reported a relation between BWT and water depth within 600 m of the bottom based on the data in the northern SCS from Xue et al (1991). Shi et al (2015) obtained a fitted curve when the water depth is from 600 to 2800 m according to the data from HF Probe, and set the BWT to be ~2.20°C when the water depth is deeper than 2800 m. This relation is written as follows
$\text{BWT }\!\!\_\!\!\text{ SCS}(Z)=\left\{ \begin{align} & -8.7946\cdot \ln Z+62.958,\ Z＜600\ \text{m} \\ & \exp (6.506617-0.73521851\cdot \ln Z),\ 600\ \text{m}\le Z\le 2800\ \text{m} \\ & 2.2,Z>2800\ \text{m} \\ \end{align} \right. ,$
in which the units of Z and BWT are m and °C, respectively. Their result is shown by the blue solid curve (SCS_Fit (Yuan & Shi)) in Fig. 4.
We can find that the fitted curve using previously published BWT data is much higher than that using the measurement results when the water depth is within 500 m (especially from 0 to 200 m) (Fig. 4a), and is slightly lower than that using the measurement results when the water depth is deeper than 2000 m (Fig. 4b). Usually, BWT fluctuates with season in shallow sea areas. Consequently, both the results in this study and in Xue et al (1991) can be considered valid since the BWT data were measured in different times.
Fig. 4 Relationships between BWT and water depth in the SCS in this study (red solid curve) and the previous work (blue solid curve). The red circles are the BWT data in this study. The BWT ranges from 0 to 30°C (a) and 0 to 6°C (b), respectively
In the Southwest Taiwan Basin, BWT is around 3.00°C at four stations (inside the green ellipse in Fig. 4b). It is clearly higher than the average value (~2.33°C) at the other stations with the same water depth range (2700~3000 m) in this basin. At these four stations, the seafloor heat flow ranges 65~85 mW·m-2, which is higher than the average value of 58 mW·m-2 in the adjacent region (Shyu et al, 2006). Consequently, we infer that the local warm anomaly of BWT is caused by the hydrothermal activity in the Southwest Taiwan Basin.

3 Conclusions

Based on the latest BWT data, we obtained good empirical relationships between BWT and water depth in the SCS and WPO. They can provide accurate and reliable boundary conditions for geophysics and physical oceanography. Furthermore, it will be helpful for the investigation and assessment of oil and gas resources in the oceans.
The latest measurement result is much lower than the previously published BWT fitted curve when using water depth within 500 m (especially from 0 to 200 m), and is slightly higher than the previous result when using water depth >2000 m. In addition, the local warm anomaly of BWT in the Southwest Taiwan Basin is probably caused by the hydrothermal activity there.
The measured BWT in the SCS (~2.47°C) is higher than that in the EIO (~1.34°C) and WPO (~1.60°C) in the deep water areas. This is consistent with the model of the great ocean conveyor belt since the cold and saline deep water, which is from Greenland, Iceland in the North Atlantic and the sea area around the Antarctica, enters the Indian and Pacific oceans from the south. In the EIO and WPO, the BWT increases slightly at the rates of 10.6 mK·MPa-1 and 12.0 mK·MPa-1, respectively, when the water depth is deeper than 4800 m. The rising rates are consistent with the estimated adiabatic pressure derivative of the temperature of deep bottom water. It indicates that the BWT rising is mainly caused by the adiabatic compression in the deep water.
Appendix 1 The detailed information of the bottom water temperature (BWT) stations
No. Station Longitude Latitude Water
Depth
/m		 BWT
/°C		 Method Sea Area Measurement Time/(Year. Month) Cruise or Reference
1 SCS2010HF-Test03 110°57′48″E 18°4′11″N 1158 3.479 HF Probe SCS 2010.03 (1)
2 SCS2010HF01 117°58′22″E 21°0′2″N 1440 2.916 HF Probe SCS 2010.08-09 (1)
3 SCS2010HF02 118°11′27″E 20°47′44″N 2230 2.347 HF Probe SCS 2010.08-09 (1)
4 SCS2010HF03 118°22′21″E 20°33′48″N 2410 2.353 HF Probe SCS 2010.08-09 (1)
5 SCS2010HF04 118°36′1″E 20°23′46″N 2810 2.362 HF Probe SCS 2010.08-09 (1)
6 SCS2010HF05 118°51′24″E 20°12′20″N 2866 2.309 HF Probe SCS 2010.08-09 (1)
7 SCS2012HF01 114°46′47″E 19°38′20″N 1516 2.850 HF Probe SCS 2012.09 (2)
8 SCS2013-OBS05 111°26′58″E 16°15′43″N 856 4.198 OBS SCS 2013.05-06 (3)
9 SCS2013-OBS10 112°15′42″E 17°25′57″N 1204 3.255 OBS SCS 2013.05-06 (3)
10 SCS2014-OBS30 117°35′41″E 19°52′16″N 2815 2.254 OBS SCS 2014.05-06 (4)
11 SCS2014-OBS33 117°49′22″E 19°22′47″N 3616 2.494 OBS SCS 2014.05-06 (4)
12 SCS2014-OBS36 118°0′51″E 19°39′3″N 3168 2.454 OBS SCS 2014.05-06 (4)
13 SCS2015-Test01 115°41′12″E 22°44′42″N 14 23.636 SBC SCS 2015.06-07 (5)
14 SCS2015CTD-01 115°48′22″E 22°29′50″N 31 21.141 CTD SCS 2015.06-07 (5)
15 SCS2015CTD-02 116°9′56″E 22°14′59″N 47 21.165 CTD SCS 2015.06-07 (5)
16 SCS2015CTD-03 116°30′3″E 21°59′58″N 86 19.961 CTD SCS 2015.06-07 (5)
17 SCS2015CTD-04 116°45′10″E 21°45′20″N 165 16.618 CTD SCS 2015.06-07 (5)
18 SCS2015CTD-05 116°59′42″E 21°29′46″N 328 11.193 CTD SCS 2015.06-07 (5)
19 SCS2015CTD-06 115°59′37″E 20°59′53″N 330 12.025 CTD SCS 2015.06-07 (5)
20 SCS2015CTD-07 115°45′28″E 21°14′22″N 123 16.974 CTD SCS 2015.06-07 (5)
21 SCS2015CTD-08 115°30′10″E 21°30′6″N 109 19.027 CTD SCS 2015.06-07 (5)
22 SCS2015CTD-09 115°14′53″E 21°45′2″N 90 19.619 CTD SCS 2015.06-07 (5)
23 SCS2015CTD-10 115°0′11″E 22°0′11″N 59 21.465 CTD SCS 2015.06-07 (5)
24 SCS2015CTD-11 114°3′36″E 21°45′48″N 39 21.925 CTD SCS 2015.06-07 (5)
25 SCS2015CTD-12 114°12′1″E 21°31′12″N 55 21.448 CTD SCS 2015.06-07 (5)
26 SCS2015CTD-13 114°22′39″E 21°12′35″N 76 20.997 CTD SCS 2015.06-07 (5)
27 SCS2015CTD-14 114°33′6″E 20°53′53″N 82 21.471 CTD SCS 2015.06-07 (5)
28 SCS2015CTD-15 114°44′1″E 20°35′57″N 108 19.624 CTD SCS 2015.06-07 (5)
29 SCS2015CTD-16 114°55′6″E 20°18′0″N 174 15.669 CTD SCS 2015.06-07 (5)
30 SCS2015CTD-17 114°44′1″E 20°35′57″N 1008 4.610 CTD SCS 2015.06-07 (5)
31 SCS2015CTD-17-3 115°6′43″E 20°0′4″N 904 4.872 CTD SCS 2015.06-07 (5)
32 SCS2015HF-01(CTD) 114°58′5″E 19°41′57″N 1612 2.755 CTD SCS 2015.06-07 (5)
33 SCS2015HF-02(CTD) 115°5′11″E 19°30′25″N 1734 2.577 CTD SCS 2015.06-07 (5)
34 SCS2015HF-01 114°58′36″E 19°41′48″N 1636 2.763 HF Probe SCS 2015.06-07 (5)
35 SCS2015HF-02 115°6′1″E 19°29′55″N 1758 2.578 HF Probe SCS 2015.06-07 (5)
36 SCS2015HF-03-1 115°13′52″E 19°18′5″N 1859 2.565 HF Probe SCS 2015.06-07 (5)
37 SCS2015HF-04 115°20′27″E 19°6′30″N 2296 2.436 HF Probe SCS 2015.06-07 (5)
38 SCS2015HF-05 115°16′52″E 19°13′59″N 2019 2.513 HF Probe SCS 2015.06-07 (5)
39 SCS2015HF-06 115°10′29″E 19°23′24″N 1775 2.607 HF Probe SCS 2015.06-07 (5)
40 SCS2015HF-07 115°2′37″E 19°35′30″N 1775 2.678 HF Probe SCS 2015.06-07 (5)
41 SCS2015HF-08 114°54′53″E 19°47′43″N 1140 4.034 HF Probe SCS 2015.06-07 (5)
42 SCS2015-ST01 111°20′28″E 15°27′30″N 1105 4.113 ST SCS 2015.07-2016.10 (5,
43 SCS2016CTD-A20 114°9′46″E 19°55′10″N 472 9.370 CTD SCS 2016.09 (7)
44 SCS2016CTD-A21 114°20′42″E 19°35′57″N 954 5.206 CTD SCS 2016.09 (7)
45 SCS2016HF-01 115°4′45″E 19°45′30″N 1653 2.756 HF Probe SCS 2016.09 (7)
46 SCS2016HF-02 115°9′26″E 19°38′9″N 1907 2.597 HF Probe SCS 2016.09 (7)
47 SCS2016HF-03 115°12′1″E 19°32′9″N 1998 2.513 HF Probe SCS 2016.09 (7)
48 SCS2016HF-04 115°16′11″E 19°26′26″N 2044 2.472 HF Probe SCS 2016.09 (7)
49 SCS2016HF-06 115°28′37″E 19°33′19″N 2285 2.439 HF Probe SCS 2016.09 (7)
50 SCS2016HF-07 115°22′27″E 19°43′15″N 1900 2.602 HF Probe SCS 2016.09 (7)
51 SCS2016HF-08 114°55′24″E 19°44′59″N 1395 3.008 HF Probe SCS 2016.09 (7)
52 SCS2016HF-09 114°59′15″E 19°39′30″N 1679 2.720 HF Probe SCS 2016.09 (7)
53 SCS2016HF-10 115°4′24″E 19°35′3″N 1738 2.651 HF Probe SCS 2016.09 (7)
54 SCS2016HF-11 115°6′32″E 19°27′46″N 1728 2.638 HF Probe SCS 2016.09 (7)
55 SCS2016HF-12 115°9′8″E 19°19′46″N 1718 2.658 HF Probe SCS 2016.09 (7)
56 617sy 113°55′12″E 18°10′48″N 2974 2.371 HF Probe SCS 2008.06 (8)
57 621sy-1 112°51′36″E 18°10′12″N 2476 2.374 HF Probe SCS 2008.06 (8)
58 621sy-2 112°51′36″E 18°10′12″N 2476 2.382 HF Probe SCS 2008.06 (8)
59 HF2-1 115°7′15″E 19°56′25″N 1225 3.490 HF Probe SCS 2009.08-09 (9)
60 HF2-2 115°8′13″E 19°54′30″N 1160 3.639 HF Probe SCS 2009.08-09 (9)
61 HF2-3 115°8′44″E 19°52′55″N 1200 4.512 HF Probe SCS 2009.08-09 (9)
62 HF2-4 115°10′12″E 19°51′29″N 1250 3.390 HF Probe SCS 2009.08-09 (9)
63 HF2-5 115°10′53″E 19°50′10″N 1400 2.941 HF Probe SCS 2009.08-09 (9)
64 HF2-6 115°11′46″E 19°48′35″N 1540 2.700 HF Probe SCS 2009.08-09 (9)
65 HF5-1 115°11′33″E 19°54′18″N 1250 3.342 HF Probe SCS 2009.08-09 (9)
66 HF5-2 115°12′9″E 19°53′20″N 1280 3.290 HF Probe SCS 2009.08-09 (9)
67 HF5-3 115°13′22″E 19°51′30″N 1320 3.101 HF Probe SCS 2009.08-09 (9)
68 HF5-4 115°14′8″E 19°50′17″N 1390 2.958 HF Probe SCS 2009.08-09 (9)
69 HF5-5 115°14′59″E 19°49′3″N 1500 2.814 HF Probe SCS 2009.08-09 (9)
70 HF5-6 115°16′2″E 19°47′31″N 1682 2.768 HF Probe SCS 2009.08-09 (9)
71 Hf0910 115°20′60″E 19°25′48″N 1500 2.450 HF Probe SCS 2009.08-09 (9)
72 ZS01 - - 1150 3.959 HF Probe SCS 2009.08-09 (9)*
73 ZS02 - - 1830 2.534 HF Probe SCS 2009.08-09 (9)*
74 ZS03 - - 2040 2.452 HF Probe SCS 2009.08-09 (9)*
75 ZS04 - - 2930 2.341 HF Probe SCS 2009.08-09 (9)*
76 ZS05 - - 2938 2.356 HF Probe SCS 2009.08-09 (9)*
77 ZS06 - - 3010 2.344 HF Probe SCS 2009.08-09 (9)*
78 ZS07 - - 3030 2.350 HF Probe SCS 2009.08-09 (9)*
79 ZS08 - - 3170 2.427 HF Probe SCS 2009.08-09 (9)*
80 ZS09 - - 3420 2.377 HF Probe SCS 2009.08-09 (9)*
81 ZS10 - - 3540 2.365 HF Probe SCS 2009.08-09 (9)*
82 ZS11 - - 3616 2.362 HF Probe SCS 2009.08-09 (9)*
83 ZS12 - - 3623 2.363 HF Probe SCS 2009.08-09 (9)*
84 ZS13 - - 3630 2.400 HF Probe SCS 2009.08-09 (9)*
85 ZS14 - - 3640 2.382 HF Probe SCS 2009.08-09 (9)*
86 ZS15 - - 3720 2.375 HF Probe SCS 2009.08-09 (9)*
87 ZS16 - - 3740 2.378 HF Probe SCS 2009.08-09 (9)*
88 ZS17 - - 3780 2.389 HF Probe SCS 2009.08-09 (9)*
89 ZS18 - - 3800 2.402 HF Probe SCS 2009.08-09 (9)*
90 ZS19 - - 3802 2.383 HF Probe SCS 2009.08-09 (9)*
91 ZS20 - - 3843 2.566 HF Probe SCS 2009.08-09 (9)*
92 ZS21 - - 3870 2.410 HF Probe SCS 2009.08-09 (9)*
93 ZS22 - - 3880 2.389 HF Probe SCS 2009.08-09 (9)*
94 ZS23 - - 3880 2.412 HF Probe SCS 2009.08-09 (9)*
95 ZS24 - - 3900 2.525 HF Probe SCS 2009.08-09 (9)*
96 ZS25 - - 3917 2.543 HF Probe SCS 2009.08-09 (9)*
97 ZS26 - - 3930 2.565 HF Probe SCS 2009.08-09 (9)*
98 ZS27 - - 3937 2.528 HF Probe SCS 2009.08-09 (9)*
99 ZS28 - - 3939 2.538 HF Probe SCS 2009.08-09 (9)*
100 ZS29 - - 3947 2.562 HF Probe SCS 2009.08-09 (9)*
101 ZS30 - - 3964 2.539 HF Probe SCS 2009.08-09 (9)*
102 ZS31 - - 3967 2.540 HF Probe SCS 2009.08-09 (9)*
103 ZS32 - - 3980 2.563 HF Probe SCS 2009.08-09 (9)*
104 ZS33 - - 4006 2.544 HF Probe SCS 2009.08-09 (9)*
105 ZS34 - - 4020 2.420 HF Probe SCS 2009.08-09 (9)*
106 ZS35 - - 4038 2.546 HF Probe SCS 2009.08-09 (9)*
107 ZS36 - - 4040 2.427 HF Probe SCS 2009.08-09 (9)*
108 ZS37 - - 4046 2.553 HF Probe SCS 2009.08-09 (9)*
109 ZS38 - - 4050 2.413 HF Probe SCS 2009.08-09 (9)*
110 ZS39 - - 4057 2.551 HF Probe SCS 2009.08-09 (9)*
111 ZS40 - - 4102 2.527 HF Probe SCS 2009.08-09 (9)*
112 ZS41 - - 4170 2.395 HF Probe SCS 2009.08-09 (9)*
113 IODP349-U1431D 117°0′0″E 15°22′32″N 4241 2.500 IODP SCS 2014.02-03 (Expedition 349 Scientists, 2014)
114 IODP349-U1432C 116°23′27″E 18°21′5″N 3829 2.400 IODP SCS 2014.02-03 (Expedition 349 Scientists, 2014)
115 IODP349-U1433A 115°2′50″E 12°55′8″N 4379 2.500 IODP SCS 2014.02-03 (Expedition 349 Scientists, 2014)
116 630ht1b 119°39′9″E 22°19′0″N 2006 2.792 HF Probe SCS 2001.11 (Shyu et al, 2006)
117 630ht2 119°29′11″E 22°10′25″N 2006 2.576 HF Probe SCS 2001.11 (Shyu et al, 2006)
118 630ht4 119°48′26″E 22°9′43″N 1307 3.093 HF Probe SCS 2001.11 (Shyu et al, 2006)
119 630ht7 120°6′39″E 21°57′4″N 1469 3.023 HF Probe SCS 2001.11 (Shyu et al, 2006)
120 630ht8 120°3′44″E 21°57′3″N 1341 3.037 HF Probe SCS 2001.11 (Shyu et al, 2006)
121 698ht07 119°30′0″E 21°47′24″N 2756 3.036 HF Probe SCS 2003.01 (Shyu et al, 2006)
122 680ht9-1 119°40′13″E 21°44′55″N 2908 2.229 HF Probe SCS 2003.05 (Shyu et al, 2006)
123 680ht11 119°58′6″E 21°50′48″N 1730 2.387 HF Probe SCS 2003.05 (Shyu et al, 2006)
124 680ht12 120°5′14″E 21°53′11″N 1663 2.541 HF Probe SCS 2003.05 (Shyu et al, 2006)
125 680ht14 120°23′36″E 21°59′32″N 954 4.608 HF Probe SCS 2003.05 (Shyu et al, 2006)
126 680ht19 119°53′59″E 21°38′24″N 3107 2.382 HF Probe SCS 2003.05 (Shyu et al, 2006)
127 698ht30 119°20′20″E 21°43′49″N 2839 2.940 HF Probe SCS 2003.01 (Shyu et al, 2006)
128 698ht41 119°33′44″E 21°43′8″N 2780 2.987 HF Probe SCS 2003.01 (Shyu et al, 2006)
129 698ht44 119°54′43″E 21°42′37″N 2906 2.996 HF Probe SCS 2003.01 (Shyu et al, 2006)
130 714ht2 119°58′49″E 22°14′23″N 948 4.462 HF Probe SCS 2004.04 (Shyu et al, 2006)
131 714ht4 119°48′37″E 22°5′27″N 1660 2.632 HF Probe SCS 2004.04 (Shyu et al, 2006)
132 714ht10 119°49′9″E 21°47′41″N 2477 2.356 HF Probe SCS 2004.04 (Shyu et al, 2006)
133 714ht18 120°3′36″E 21°41′33″N 2781 2.371 HF Probe SCS 2004.04 (Shyu et al, 2006)
134 714htg21 119°52′53″E 22°15′12″N 1312 3.355 HF Probe SCS 2004.04 (Shyu et al, 2006)
135 714ht46 120°33′13″E 21°31′6″N 1799 2.583 HF Probe SCS 2004.04 (Shyu et al, 2006)
136 714ht49 120°9′49″E 21°27′16″N 2887 2.355 HF Probe SCS 2004.04 (Shyu et al, 2006)
137 714ht50 120°3′1″E 21°26′3″N 2884 2.349 HF Probe SCS 2004.04 (Shyu et al, 2006)
138 714ht53 119°43′5″E 21°22′51″N 3209 2.453 HF Probe SCS 2004.04 (Shyu et al, 2006)
139 NS01 - - 1602 2.800 HF Probe SCS 2014.06 *
140 NS02 - - 2836 2.563 HF Probe SCS 2014.06 *
141 NS03 - - 2469 2.554 HF Probe SCS 2014.06 *
142 NS04 - - 1642 2.778 HF Probe SCS 2014.06 *
143 NS05 - - 2275 2.582 HF Probe SCS 2014.06 *
144 NS06 - - 1554 2.876 HF Probe SCS 2014.06 *
145 NS07 - - 1987 2.581 HF Probe SCS 2014.06 *
146 NS08 - - 1726 2.721 HF Probe SCS 2014.06 *
147 NS09 - - 1888 2.665 HF Probe SCS 2014.06 *
148 NS10 - - 908 5.096 HF Probe SCS 2014.06 *
149 NS11 - - 4359 2.507 HF Probe SCS 2014.06 *
150 NS12 - - 3017 2.370 HF Probe SCS 2014.06 *
151 NS13 - - 1481 3.028 HF Probe SCS 2014.06 *
152 NS14 - - 1755 2.672 HF Probe SCS 2014.06 *
153 NS15 - - 1761 2.667 HF Probe SCS 2014.06 *
154 NS16 - - 2100 2.550 HF Probe SCS 2014.06 *
155 NS17 - - 1709 2.786 HF Probe SCS 2014.06 *
156 NS18 - - 1715 2.698 HF Probe SCS 2014.06 *
157 NS19 - - 1227 3.478 HF Probe SCS 2014.06 *
158 NS20 - - 2906 2.567 HF Probe SCS 2014.06 *
159 Ind2010HF01a 91°0′21″E 10°0′44″N 3460 1.373 HF Probe EIO 2010.04 (10)
160 Ind2010HF01b 91°0′18″E 10°0′34″N 3460 1.373 HF Probe EIO 2010.04 (10)
161 Ind2010HF02 90°39′25″E 10°0′5″N 3360 1.362 HF Probe EIO 2010.04 (10)
162 Ind2010HF04 89°59′49″E 10°0′16″N 3303 1.335 HF Probe EIO 2010.04 (10)
163 Ind2010HF05 89°29′14″E 10°0′6″N 3340 1.452 HF Probe EIO 2010.04 (10)
164 Ind2010HF06 89°0′2″E 10°0′19″N 3368 1.491 HF Probe EIO 2010.04 (10)
165 Ind2010HF07a 88°29′20″E 9°59′44″N 3400 1.479 HF Probe EIO 2010.04 (10)
166 Ind2010HF07b 88°29′13″E 9°59′48″N 3400 1.478 HF Probe EIO 2010.04 (10)
167 Ind2010HF07c 88°29′8″E 9°59′54″N 3400 1.477 HF Probe EIO 2010.04 (10)
168 Ind2010HF08 87°59′43″E 9°59′16″N 3412 1.486 HF Probe EIO 2010.04 (10)
169 Ind2010HF09 86°57′13″E 10°2′60″N 3472 1.484 HF Probe EIO 2010.04 (10)
170 Ind2013HF01 98°29′54″E 6°59′47″S 4852 1.143 HF Probe EIO 2013.04 (11)
171 Ind2013HF02 97°46′3″E 6°1′11″S 5725 1.252 HF Probe EIO 2013.04 (11)
172 Ind2013HF04 95°19′3″E 2°57′26″S 4810 1.150 HF Probe EIO 2013.04 (11)
173 Ind2013HF05 94°20′11″E 1°25′32″S 4617 1.144 HF Probe EIO 2013.04 (11)
174 Ind2013HF06 93°48′53″E 0°27′53″S 4527 1.151 HF Probe EIO 2013.04 (11)
175 Ind2013HF07 90°57′19″E 0°0′30″N 4532 1.149 HF Probe EIO 2013.04 (11)
176 49MR03K04_5_I03-458 107°30′20″E 20°0′2″S 5391 1.187 CTD EIO 2004.01 (12)†
177 49MR03K04_5_I03-459 106°37′29″E 19°59′46″S 5527 1.187 CTD EIO 2004.01 (12)†
178 49MR03K04_5_I03-460 105°45′30″E 19°59′34″S 5305 1.151 CTD EIO 2004.01 (12)†
179 49MR03K04_5_I03-462 104°0′37″E 19°59′40″S 5479 1.196 CTD EIO 2004.01 (12)†
180 49MR03K04_5_I03-464 102°14′34″E 19°59′50″S 6052 1.237 CTD EIO 2004.01 (12)†
181 49MR03K04_5_I03-468 98°42′58″E 19°59′59″S 6305 1.258 CTD EIO 2004.01 (12)†
182 49MR03K04_5_I03-470 96°57′12″E 19°59′28″S 5339 1.124 CTD EIO 2004.01 (12)†
183 49MR03K04_5_I03-473 94°18′29″E 19°59′53″S 5133 1.107 CTD EIO 2004.01 (12)†
184 49MR03K04_5_I03-474 93°31′58″E 19°59′28″S 5325 1.143 CTD EIO 2004.01 (12)†
185 49MR03K04_5_I03-475 92°48′16″E 19°59′41″S 5081 1.124 CTD EIO 2004.01 (12)†
186 49MR03K04_5_I03-476 92°21′27″E 19°59′48″S 5130 1.123 CTD EIO 2004.01 (12)†
187 49MR03K04_5_I03-477 91°48′54″E 19°59′48″S 5028 1.110 CTD EIO 2004.01 (12)†
188 49MR03K04_5_I03-X09 95°0′44″E 20°11′42″S 5273 1.130 CTD EIO 2004.01 (12)†
189 KR09-16HF03A 145°3′13″E 39°0′5″N 5510 1.557 HF Probe NWPO 2009.11 (13)
190 KR09-16HFPC01 145°14′55″E 38°59′38″N 5405 1.548 HF Probe NWPO 2009.11 (13)
191 KR09-16HFPC02 144°35′37″E 38°4′54″N 5750 1.591 HF Probe NWPO 2009.11 (13)
192 KR09-167KⅡ#461 145°40′24″E 40°15′12″N 5216 1.527 CTD_ROV NWPO 2009.11 (13)
193 KR09-167KⅡ#462 145°40′24″E 40°15′12″N 5216 1.525 CTD_ROV NWPO 2009.11 (13)
194 KR09-167KⅡ#463 144°35′45″E 38°4′48″N 5741 1.584 CTD_ROV NWPO 2009.11 (13)
195 IODP316-C0007A 136°47′57″E 33°1′14″N 4081 1.650 IODP WPO 2007.09-2008.02 (Kimura et al, 2008)
196 IODP332-C0010A 136°41′12″E 32°12′36″N 2552 1.700 IODP WPO 2010.10-12 (Kopf et al, 2011)
197 IODP337-C0020A 142°12′2″E 41°10′36″N 1180 3.600 IODP NWPO 2012.07-09 (Inagaki et al, 2012)
198 IODP343-C0022D 143°54′48″E 37°56′19″N 6898 1.700 IODP NWPO 2012.04-05 (Chester et al, 2012)
199 HPD0940HDDB103 139°13′0″E 35°4′60″N 920 3.675 ROV WPO 2008.12.23 (14)‡
200 KAIKO0647C2HDF101 153°15′13″E 22°38′59″N 4055 1.470 ROV WPO 2015.02.07 (15)‡
201 KAIKO0648C2HDF101 135°6′39″E 19°19′26″N 5682 1.755 ROV WPO 2015.02.23 (16)‡
202 KAIKO0650C2HDF102 134°56′42″E 32°21′13″N 4665 1.642 ROV WPO 2015.03.04 (17)‡
203 MT2016-P1 142°42′34″E 10°42′51″N 5441 1.528 OBS WPO 2016.11-12 (18)
204 MT2016-P2 142°37′11″E 10°48′59″N 5693 1.560 OBS WPO 2016.11-12 (18)
205 MT2016-P4 142°26′24″E 11°1′14″N 7015 1.758 OBS WPO 2016.11-12 (18)
206 MT2016-P6 142°2′30″E 11°28′33″N 7520 1.830 OBS WPO 2016.11-12 (18)
207 MT2016-P7 141°57′7″E 11°34′41″N 6114 1.664 OBS WPO 2016.11-12 (18)
208 MT2016-P8 141°51′44″E 11°40′49″N 5337 1.530 OBS WPO 2016.11-12 (18)
209 MT2016-P9 141°46′21″E 11°46′58″N 4567 1.520 OBS WPO 2016.11-12 (18)
210 MT2016-P10 141°40′57″E 11°53′6″N 2667 1.593 OBS WPO 2016.11-12 (18)
211 MT2016-P11 141°35′33″E 11°59′14″N 1665 2.197 OBS WPO 2016.11-12 (18)
212 MT2016-P13 141°24′45″E 12°11′30″N 4171 1.591 OBS WPO 2016.11-12 (18)
213 MT2016-P14 141°19′20″E 12°17′37″N 5526 1.691 OBS WPO 2016.11-12 (18)
214 MT2016-P17 141°3′5″E 12°35′60″N 2724 1.697 OBS WPO 2016.11-12 (18)
215 MT2016-PA05 141°29′59″E 12°33′2″N 3223 1.647 OBS WPO 2016.11-12 (18)
216 MT2016-PA06 141°45′39″E 12°14′3″N 2121 2.017 OBS WPO 2016.11-12 (18)
217 MT2016-PA07 142°1′27″E 11°56′8″N 4889 1.502 OBS WPO 2016.11-12 (18)
218 MT2016-PA08 141°35′26″E 11°33′59″N 5582 1.569 OBS WPO 2016.11-12 (18)
219 MT2016-PA09 141°16′22″E 11°55′57″N 3839 1.535 OBS WPO 2016.11-12 (18)
220 MT2016-PA10 140°57′14″E 12°16′14″N 3521 1.574 OBS WPO 2016.11-12 (18)
221 MT2016-PA11 140°55′51″E 11°58′20″N 4205 1.520 OBS WPO 2016.11-12 (18)
222 WPO-CTD-02 - - 1736 2.411 CTD WPO 2015.06 *
223 WPO-CTD-03 - - 1527 2.776 CTD WPO 2015.06 *
224 WPO-CTD-04 - - 1771 2.345 CTD WPO 2015.06 *
225 WPO-CTD-05 - - 2084 1.969 CTD WPO 2015.06 *

Notes: The abbreviations of SCS, EIO, NWPO and WPO represent the South China Sea, eastern Indian Ocean, the northwestern Pacific Ocean and western Pacific Ocean, respectively. In this paper, most of the BWT data were measured by the Heat Flow Probe (HF Probe), Conductivity-Temperature-Depth Profiler (CTD); the others were obtained by mounting the Miniaturized Temperature Unit (MTU) on the Ocean Bottom Seismometer (OBS), Sediments Box Core (SBC), Sediments Trap (ST), and Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROV). The abbreviation of CTD_ROV means that the CTD is mounted on the ROV.

(1) 2010SCS-Open cruise: 2010 South China Sea Open Cruise by R/V Shiyan 3, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, CAS; (2) 2012NSFC-SCS cruise: 2012 NSFC Sharing Research Cruise in South China Sea by R/V Shiyan 3, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, CAS; (3) 2013NSFC-SCS cruise: 2013 NSFC Sharing Research Cruise in South China Sea by R/V Shiyan 2, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, CAS; (4) 2014NSFC-SCS cruise: 2014 NSFC Sharing Research Cruise in South China Sea by R/V Shiyan 2, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, CAS; (5) 2015NSFC-SCS cruise: 2015 NSFC Sharing Research Cruise in South China Sea by R/V Shiyan 3, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, CAS; (6) 2016SCS cruise: 2016 Research Cruise in South China Sea by R/V Haidiao 6, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, CAS; (7) 2016NSFC-SCS cruise: 2016 NSFC Sharing Research Cruise in South China Sea by R/V Shiyan 3, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, CAS; (8) HY4-2008-3 cruise of R/V Haiyang 4 of Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey; (9) HY4-2009-4 cruise of R/V Haiyang 4 of Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey; (10) 2010SCSIO-IndOcean cruise: 2010 Sharing Research Cruise in Indian Ocean by R/V Shiyan 1, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, CAS; (11) 2013NSFC-IndOcean cruise: 2013 NSFC Sharing Research Cruise in Indian Ocean by R/V Shiyan 1, South China Sea Institute of ceanology, CAS; (12) MR03-K04 leg 5 Cruise: 2003 Research Cruise in Japan Trench by R/V Mirai, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), occupied stations along 20°S from 48°55’ E to 113°46’ E (Tamatave to Fremantle via Port Louise); (13) KR09-16 Cruise: 2009 Research Cruise in Japan Trench by R/V Kairei (with ROV Kaiko 7000II), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC); (14) NT08-25 Cruise: 2008 Research Cruise in the Sagami Bay, off-Hatsushima by R/V NATSUSHIMA (with ROV HYPER-DOLPHIN), JAMSTEC; (15) KR15-E01 Cruise: 2015 Research Cruise in Takuyo-Daigo Seamount by R/V Kairei (with ROV Kaiko 7000II), JAMSTEC; (16) KR15-03 Cruise: 2015 Research Cruise in West Philippine Basin by R/V Kairei (with ROV Kaiko 7000II), JAMSTEC; (17) KR15-04 Cruise: 2015 Research Cruise in Nankai Trough by R/V Kairei (with ROV Kaiko 7000II), JAMSTEC; (18) 2016 Mariana Cruise: 2016 Expedition to the Mariana Trench by R/V Shiyan 3, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, CAS.

* The location information of these stations is still not released to the public according the Data Management Policy; † These data were collected from the Carbon Hydro-graphic Data Office website (https://cchdo.ucsd.edu/); ‡ These data were collected from the Data and Sample Research System for Whole Cruise Information in JAMSTEC (http://www.godac.jamstec.go.jp/darwin/e/).

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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