海南岛海草床生态系统受威胁状况评估

doi:10.11978/2025092

热带海洋学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (2): 191-204.doi: 10.11978/2025092CSTR: 32234.14.2025092

• 海洋环境保护 • 上一篇

海南岛海草床生态系统受威胁状况评估

任静¹^,²(), 江志坚¹^,²^,³^,⁴(), 陈国科²^,⁵, 亓文倩¹^,², 龙旭¹^,², 刘松林¹^,²^,³^,⁴, 吴云超¹^,²^,³^,⁴, 黄小平¹^,²^,³^,⁴

1.热带海洋环境与岛礁生态全国重点实验室, 热带海洋生物资源与生态重点实验室, 广东省应用海洋生物学重点实验室, 中国科学院南海海洋研究所, 广东广州 510301
2.中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
3.海南三亚海洋生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站, 中国科学院海南热带海洋生物实验站, 海南三亚 572000
4.海南省热带海洋生物技术重点实验室, 三亚海洋生态环境与工程研究院, 海南三亚 572000
5.中国科学院植物研究所植被与环境变化国家重点实验室, 北京 100093

收稿日期:2025-06-27 修回日期:2025-08-28 出版日期:2026-03-10 发布日期:2026-03-26
通讯作者: 江志坚
作者简介:
任静(2002—), 女, 江苏省南京市人, 硕士研究生, 从事海草生物生态研究。email: renjing24@ucas.ac.cn
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFF1301402); 海南省自然科学基金项目(425CXTD622); 国家自然科学基金项目(42176158); 国家自然科学基金项目(U25A20795); 国家自然科学基金项目(42576139); 广东省科技计划项目(2024B1212050003); 广东省科技计划项目(2023B1212060047); 中国科学院南海海洋研究所自主部署项目(SCSIO2023QY04)

Assessment of the threat status of seagrass bed ecosystems in Hainan Island

REN Jing¹^,²(), JIANG Zhijian¹^,²^,³^,⁴(), CHEN Guoke²^,⁵, QI Wenqian¹^,², LONG Xu¹^,², LIU Songlin¹^,²^,³^,⁴, WU Yunchao¹^,²^,³^,⁴, HUANG Xiaoping¹^,²^,³^,⁴

1. Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology (South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences), Guangzhou 510301, China
2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3. Sanya National Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Tropical Marine Biological Research Station in Hainan, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
4. Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Sanya Institute of Ocean Eco-Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572100, China
5. State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China

Received:2025-06-27 Revised:2025-08-28 Online:2026-03-10 Published:2026-03-26
Contact: JIANG Zhijian
Supported by:
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFF1301402); Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(425CXTD622); National Natural Science Foundation of China(42176158); National Natural Science Foundation of China(U25A20795); National Natural Science Foundation of China(42576139); Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province, China(2024B1212050003); Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province, China(2023B1212060047); Special Fund of South China Sea Institute of Oceanology of Chinese Academy of Sciences(SCSIO2023QY04)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

海草床生态系统具有重要的生态服务功能, 分析其受威胁状况及影响因素, 有利于针对性地提出海草床生态系统的保护策略。文章聚焦于海南岛海草床生态系统, 结合调查数据、历史资料和文献, 采用国际自然保护联盟(International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN)生态系统红色名录评估方法对海南岛地区海草床生态系统进行受威胁状况评估, 确定其濒危程度, 并探讨了人类活动和自然因素对其影响, 提出相应的保护对策。研究结果显示, 文昌和三亚地区海草床生态系统面临极危的严峻形势, 陵水地区海草床生态系统受威胁等级为濒危, 琼海地区海草床生态系统目前处于易危状态, 而澄迈地区和儋州地区海草床生态系统分别处于近危和无危状态。海南岛海草床生态系统面临着多重压力, 其中围填海及渔业捕捞活动是导致其受损的主导因素, 其次为污水排放和水产养殖带来的环境压力, 而热带气旋等气候变化因素亦对其造成一定影响。鉴于此, 本研究提出了加强规范渔业活动方式、海草无性繁殖研究、长期监测海草健康状况和开展生态连通性研究等建议, 旨在促进海南岛海草床生态系统的可持续发展。

关键词: 海草床, 生态系统红色名录, 受威胁等级, 保护与恢复, 海南岛

Abstract:

Seagrass bed ecosystems have important ecological service functions, and analyzing their threat degree and influencing factors is helpful for proposing targeted conservation strategies for these ecosystems. Focusing on the seagrass bed ecosystem of Hainan Island, this study integrates survey data, historical records, and literature. The IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Red List of Ecosystems assessment method was adopted to evaluate the threat status of these ecosystems, determine their degree of endangerment and explore the impacts of both human activities and natural factors. Corresponding conservation countermeasures are proposed. The results show that the seagrass bed ecosystems in Wenchang and Sanya are facing a Critically Endangered (CR) situation, while those in Lingshui are Endangered (EN). Ecosystems in Qionghai are assessed as Vulnerable (VU), while those in Chengmai and Danzhou are classified as Near Threatened (NT) and Least Concern (LC), respectively. The seagrass bed ecosystem across Hainan Island is under multiple pressures, with coastal reclamation and fishing activities being the dominant factors of degradation, followed by environmental pressures imposed by sewage discharge and aquaculture. Additionally, climate change factors, such as tropical cyclones, also exert a certain degree of influence. In view of this, this study proposes strengthening the regulation of fishing activities, advancing research on seagrass asexual reproduction, and establishing long-term monitoring of seagrass health and ecological connectivity to promote the sustainable development of the seagrass bed ecosystem in Hainan Island.

Key words: seagrass bed, Red List of Ecosystems, threat status, conservation and restoration, Hainan Island

中图分类号:

P763.3

任静, 江志坚, 陈国科, 亓文倩, 龙旭, 刘松林, 吴云超, 黄小平. 海南岛海草床生态系统受威胁状况评估[J]. 热带海洋学报, 2026, 45(2): 191-204.

REN Jing, JIANG Zhijian, CHEN Guoke, QI Wenqian, LONG Xu, LIU Songlin, WU Yunchao, HUANG Xiaoping. Assessment of the threat status of seagrass bed ecosystems in Hainan Island[J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2026, 45(2): 191-204.

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次级标准	时间框架	面积退化程度			受威胁等级
A2b	从过去到未来50年	≥80%		极危
		≥50%		濒危
		≥30%		易危
次级标准	时间框架		相对严重程度
C1	过去50年内	退化程度	≥80%		≥50%	≥30%
		≥80%	极危		濒危	易危
		≥50%	濒危		易危
		≥30%	易危
C2b	从过去到未来50年
		≥80%	极危		濒危	易危
		≥50%	濒危		易危
		≥30%	易危

标准	指标	崩溃阈值
标准A	面积	剩余0
标准C	无机氮	0.30mg∙L^-1
	热带气旋	6次
	水温	36℃

地区	2009年面积/km²	2016年面积/km²	生态系统50年变化幅度/%	面积增加/降低	数据来源	受威胁等级
文昌	31.5820	26.6493	>80	降低	吴钟解等(2021)	极危
琼海	15.9600	14.9397	>30	降低		易危
陵水	5.7400	5.2400	>50	降低		濒危
澄迈	0.4000	0.8900	>80	增加		无危
三亚	1.6400	0.5036	>80	降低		极危
儋州	1.0287(2016年)	4.8900(2019年)	>80	增加	黄小平等(2019); 郭晋宇等(2023)	无危

地区	退化程度/%	相对严重程度/%	数据	受威胁等级
文昌	>80	>80	海南省海洋与渔业科学院(2020a); 海南南海海岸工程与生态环境研究所(2020); 国家海洋局海口海洋环境监测中心站(2022); 海南省生态环境厅(hnsthb.hainan.gov.cn)	极危
琼海	>30	<30	海南省海洋与渔业科学院(2020b); 国家海洋局海口海洋环境监测中心站(2022); 海南省生态环境厅(hnsthb.hainan.gov.cn)	无危
陵水	>80	<30	Jiang等(2018); Cui等(2021); 海南省生态环境厅(hnsthb.hainan.gov.cn)	近危
澄迈	>80	<30	陈娴等(2020); 海南省生态环境厅(hnsthb.hainan.gov.cn)	近危
三亚	>80	>80	黄良民等(2007); 王慧祺等(2012); 姚旭莹等(2015); 海南省生态环境厅(hnsthb.hainan.gov.cn)	极危
儋州	>30	<30	海南省生态环境厅(hnsthb.hainan.gov.cn)	无危

海南岛海草床生态系统受威胁状况评估

Assessment of the threat status of seagrass bed ecosystems in Hainan Island

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