红树林三维结构和地上生物量激光点云反演

doi:10.11978/2025155

热带海洋学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (4): 89-103.doi: 10.11978/2025155CSTR: 32234.14.2025155

红树林三维结构和地上生物量激光点云反演

谢雨桐¹(), 黄友菊², 田义超¹^,³^,⁴^,⁵^,⁶(), 韩广萍³, 张强¹, 陶进¹, 杜金泽¹, 彭子杰¹

¹ 北部湾大学, 海洋学院/资源与环境学院, 广西钦州 535011
² 热带海洋生态系统与生物资源重点实验室(自然资源部第四海洋研究所), 广西北海 536015
³ 广西壮族自治区自然资源遥感院, 广西南宁 530023
⁴ 平陆运河河口海湾生态系统广西野外科学观测研究站, 广西海洋环境灾害过程与生态保护技术重点实验室(北部湾大学), 广西钦州 535011
⁵ 北部湾大学, 北部湾海洋地理信息资源开发利用重点实验室, 广西钦州 535011
⁶ 北部湾大学, 北部湾海洋发展研究中心, 广西钦州 535011

收稿日期:2025-09-01 修回日期:2025-09-09 出版日期:2026-07-10 发布日期:2026-07-31
通讯作者: 田义超(1986—), 教授, 广西八桂青年学者, 主要从事喀斯特与海岸带水文生态过程方面的研究。email: tianyichao1314@yeah.net
作者简介:
谢雨桐(1997—), 男, 硕士生, 主要研究方向为海洋定量遥感和红树林生态系统服务。email: 1027587908@qq.com
*感谢匿名审稿专家和编辑提供宝贵意见和建议
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(42261024); 自然资源部热带海洋生态系统与生物资源重点实验室(2023ZD06); 广西八桂青年拔尖人才(八桂青年学者); 广西林业厅项目(Guilin scientific research [2022] no. 4); 北部湾大学海洋科学高原学科(DRB003); 广西高校人文社会科学重点研究基地“北部湾海洋发展研究中心”(BHZKY2202); 广西高校人文社科重大项目(JDZD202214); 北部湾大学高层次人才引进项目(2019KYQD28); 广西研究生教育创新计划项目(YCSW2025623)

Laser point cloud inversion of three-dimensional structure and aboveground biomass of mangroves^*

XIE Yutong¹(), HUANG Youju², TIAN Yichao¹^,³^,⁴^,⁵^,⁶(), HAN Guangping³, ZHANG Qiang¹, TAO Jin¹, DU Jinze¹, PENG Zijie¹

¹ College of Marine Sciences/College of Resources and Environment, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China
² Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Ecosystems and Biological Resources, Fourth Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai 536015, China
³ Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Remote Sensing Institute of Natural Resources, Nanning 530023, China
⁴ Pinglu Canal and Beibu Gulf Coastal Ecosystem Observation and Research Station of Guangxi, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Disaster Processes and Ecological Protection Technology, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China
⁵ Key Laboratory of Marine Geographic Information Resource Development and Utilization of the Beibu Gulf, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China
⁶ Beibu Gulf Marine Development Research Center, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China

Received:2025-09-01 Revised:2025-09-09 Online:2026-07-10 Published:2026-07-31
Contact: TIAN Yichao. email: tianyichao1314@yeah.net
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42261024); Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Ecosystems and Biological Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources(2023ZD06); Guangxi Bagui Young Scholar; Guangxi Forestry Science and Technology Promotion Demonstration Project(Guilin scientific research [2022] no. 4); Marine Science Plateau Discipline, Beibu Gulf University(DRB003); Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences in Guangxi Universities “Beibu Gulf Ocean Development Research Center”(BHZKY2202); Major Projects of Key Research Bases for Humanities and Social Sciences in Guangxi universities(JDZD202214); High-level Talent Introduction Project of Beibu Gulf University(2019KYQD28); Innovation Project of Guangxi Graduate Education(YCSW2025623)

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 快速、准确地获取红树林三维结构参数是估算其地上生物量(aboveground biomass, AGB)的关键。虽然已有不少研究结合光谱数据估算红树林AGB, 但利用自动机器学习(automated machine learning, AutoML)进行模型优选并分析特征可解释性的研究仍较少。本文基于异速生长方程, 利用高分辨率无人机激光点云数据, 提取红树林的三维结构信息, 结合国产高分二号(GF-2)卫星影像光谱特征, 以中国广西北部湾钦江入海口红树林为研究区域, 基于点云的三维结构分析揭示了该区域红树林的冠层形态特征, 并以此为基础, 使用FLAML AutoML(fast and lightweight AutoML)框架构建了红树林AGB反演模型。结果表明: FLAML框架优选的轻量级梯度提升机(light gradient boosting machine, LightGBM)算法模型性能良好(训练集R²=0.98, 测试集R²=0.85, 测试集标准差11.20t·hm⁻²)。激光点云提取的结构参数(例如高度统计量)以及蓝光波段、归一化色素指数 (normalized pigment chlorophyll index, NPCI)等光谱特征对AGB反演贡献显著。整体研究区红树林面积减少50.6%, 生物量损失49.6%。值得注意的是, 由于沿岸低矮滩涂部分的清除, 红树林区域的平均生物量密度略有提高。本研究验证了激光点云结合AutoML在高效反演红树林三维结构及生物量方面的可行性与优势, 为研究区红树林生态系统评估提供了重要的数据支撑和方法参考。

关键词: 红树林, 地上生物量, 激光点云, 自动机器学习

Abstract:

Rapid and accurate acquisition of three-dimensional structural parameters of mangroves is crucial for estimating their aboveground biomass (AGB). Although many studies have combined spectral data to estimate mangrove AGB, research using automatic machine learning (AutoML) for model selection and feature interpretability analysis remains limited. Based on allometric growth equations, this study extracted three-dimensional structural information of mangroves from high-resolution unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) LiDAR (light detection and ranging) point cloud data and combined it with spectral features from domestic GF-2 satellite imagery. The study area was the mangrove forest at the estuary of the Qinzhou River in Beibu Gulf, Guangxi, China. Three-dimensional structure analysis based on point cloud revealed the canopy morphology characteristics of the mangroves in this area. On this basis, an AGB inversion model for mangroves was constructed using the AutoML FLAML framework. The results showed that the LightGBM (light gradient boosting machine) algorithm model selected by the FLAML framework performed well (training set R²: 0.98, test set R²: 0.85, test set standard deviation: 11.20 t·hm⁻²). Structural parameters extracted from LiDAR point cloud (e.g., height statistics) and spectral features, such as blue band and the normalized pigment chlorophyll index (NPCI), significantly contributed to AGB inversion. Over the study period, the total mangrove area decreased by approximately 50.59%, and the biomass loss was about 49.6%. It is worth noting that the average biomass density of the mangrove area increased slightly due to the removal of low-lying tidal flats along the coast. This study verified the feasibility and advantages of combining LiDAR point cloud with AutoML for efficiently inverting the three-dimensional structure and biomass of mangroves, providing important data support and methodological references for the assessment of the mangrove ecosystem in the study area.

Key words: mangrove, AGB, LiDAR point cloud, automatic machine learning

中图分类号:

P715

谢雨桐, 黄友菊, 田义超, 韩广萍, 张强, 陶进, 杜金泽, 彭子杰. 红树林三维结构和地上生物量激光点云反演[J]. 热带海洋学报, 2026, 45(4): 89-103.

XIE Yutong, HUANG Youju, TIAN Yichao, HAN Guangping, ZHANG Qiang, TAO Jin, DU Jinze, PENG Zijie. Laser point cloud inversion of three-dimensional structure and aboveground biomass of mangroves^*[J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2026, 45(4): 89-103.

图/表 12

图1

表S1

选用的植被指数"

植被指数名称	英文名称	简称	公式	特点	参考文献
归一化差异植被指数	normalized difference vegetation index	NDVI	(R_NIR−R_red)/( R_NIR + R_red)	突出观测植被的特殊光谱特征, 已经被广泛应用。可用于监测植被生长状况。该指数也可用于地表分类、区分不同的树种等领域	Rouse et al, 1974
增强型植被指数	enhanced vegetation index	EVI	2.5(R_NIR − R_red)	EVI是一种优化后的植被指数, 通过对植被冠层信号的解耦, 提高了高生物量区域的反演效果的同时又能纠正土壤背景和气溶胶散射的影响。	Huete et al, 2002
过绿指数	excess green index	EXG	2 R_green − R_red - R_blue	这是一种泛用的监测小范围植物的植被指数	Woebbecke et al, 1995
绿色归一化植被指数	normalized green difference vegetation index	GNDVI	(R_NIR − R_green)/( R_NIR + R_green)	这是一种改良的NDVI指数, 与氮的相关性良好。对正在拔节、抽雄时期的植被反应精度较高	Daughtry et al, 1992
湿度植被指数	moisture vegetation index	MVI	(R_NIR − R_red)/( R_NIR + R_red) + 0.5	湿度植被指数不仅可以反应植被的冠层结构, 还能反应叶片属性	金一谔等, 1998
归一化差异绿度指数	normalized difference green degree index	NDGI	(R_green − R_red)/( R_green + R_red)	主要反应植被的光能转化	Lyon et al, 1998
归一化色素比值指数	normalized pigment chlorophyll index	NPCI	(R_red − R_blue)/( R_red + R_blue)	一种用来反应叶绿素的植被指数, 多用于植被的生长检测	Clay et al, 2006
红色植被指数	redness index	RI	(R_red − R_green)/( R_red + R_green)	校正了土壤颜色对植被指数的影响	Huete et al, 1991
结构不敏感指数	structure independent pigment index	SIPI	(R_NIR − R_blue)/( R_NIR + R_blue)	该指数的内在逻辑为, 当植被叶面积指数降低时, 类胡萝卜指数(一种对叶绿素比率敏感的指数)和冠层应力增加	Penuelas et al, 1995
转换植被指数	triangle vegetation index	TVI	60(R_NIR − R_green)−100(R_red − R_green)	该指数多用以反应植物吸收的辐射能量与红、绿、近红外波段的反射率关系, 是很好的反应生物量的指数	Broge et al, 2000

表S1

表S2

表S3

图2

表1

表2

图3

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图5

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表3

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纹理特征参数名称	公式	参考文献
均值(mean)	$\sum_{i, j=0}^{N-1} i P_{i, j}$	Kadiyala et al, 2018
方差(variance)	$\sum_{i, j=0}^{N-1} P_{i, j}\left(1-\mu_{i}\right)$	Kadiyala et al, 2018
同质性(homogeneity)	$\sum_{i, j=0}^{N-1} \frac{i P_{i, j}}{1+(1-j)^{2}}$	Kadiyala et al, 2018
对比度(contrast)	$\sum_{i, j=0}^{N-1} i P_{i, j}(i-j)$	Kadiyala et al, 2018
异质性(dissimilarity)	$\sum_{i, j=0}^{N-1} i P_{i, j}\|i-j\|$
熵(entropy)	$\sum_{i, j=0}^{N-1} P_{i, j}\left(-\ln P_{i, j}\right)$
角二阶矩(angular second moment)	$\sum_{i, j=0}^{N-1}\left(i P_{i, j}\right)^{2}$
相关性(correlation)	$\sum_{i, j=0}^{N-1} \frac{i j P_{i, j}-\mu_{i} \mu_{i j}}{\sigma_{i}^{2} \sigma_{j}^{2}}$

参数名称	说明	参考文献
间隙率(gap fraction)	间隙率(P)是指在特定天顶角θ方向上, 激光脉冲能够穿透植被冠层到达地面的概率	Shamaoma et al, 2024
叶面积指数(LAI)	$\text{LAI}=-\ln \left( P \right)\times k$ 其中, P是间隙率, k是消光系数, 通常需要根据植被类型和激光入射角进行校准
覆盖度(coverage)	覆盖度通常指植被冠层覆盖地面的比例。在LiDAR中, 可以通过计算冠层点云投影到地面的面积与总地面面积的比例来估算
强度百分位(intensity percentiles)	强度百分位是激光回波强度值的百分位数统计量。本文选用了第90百分位的强度值

使用的特征变量	最佳模型	训练集精度	训练集标准差/(t·hm⁻²)	测试集精度	测试集标准差/(t·hm⁻²)
仅用影像原始波段	LGBM	0.63	17.20	0.58	18.67
影像波段+植被指数	LGBM	0.95	5.82	0.81	12.07
影像波段+植被指数+纹理指数	LGBM	0.98	4.36	0.84	11.32
影像波段+植被指数+纹理指数+激光点云参数	LGBM	0.98	3.39	0.85	11.20

模型	训练集精度	训练集标准差/(t·hm⁻²)	测试集精度	测试集标准差/(t·hm⁻²)
LGBM	0.98	3.39	0.85	11.20
RF	0.97	4.52	0.82	12.80
XGBoost	0.98	3.49	0.84	11.49
CatBoost	0.92	7.96	0.83	11.89
XGB_limitdepth	0.99	2.73	0.83	11.77
KNeighbor	1	0	0.42	21.73

运行时间	迭代次数	训练集精度	训练集标准差/(t·hm⁻²)	测试集精度	测试集标准差(/t·hm⁻²)
10s	10	0.77	13.69	0.68	15.69
20s	14	0.88	9.71	0.77	13.31
30s	17	0.91	8.30	0.80	12.60
45s	19	0.98	3.39	0.85	11.20
60s	21	0.98	3.39	0.85	11.20

红树林三维结构和地上生物量激光点云反演

Laser point cloud inversion of three-dimensional structure and aboveground biomass of mangroves^*

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红树林三维结构和地上生物量激光点云反演

Laser point cloud inversion of three-dimensional structure and aboveground biomass of mangroves*

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Laser point cloud inversion of three-dimensional structure and aboveground biomass of mangroves^*