印度洋海啸灾害事件及基于T波的海啸预警初探*

doi:10.11978/2025087

热带海洋学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (1): 44-59.doi: 10.11978/2025087CSTR: 32234.14.2025087

印度洋海啸灾害事件及基于T波的海啸预警初探^*

张泽铭¹(), 周勇²(), 徐敏²^,³, 赵明辉²^,³, 谢谨谦⁴, 陈浩朋¹, 张亚运²

¹广东工业大学土木与交通工程学院测绘遥感系, 广东广州 510006
²热带海洋环境与岛礁生态全国重点实验室(中国科学院南海海洋研究所), 广东广州 511458
³中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
⁴中国科学技术大学地球和空间科学学院, 安徽合肥 230026

收稿日期:2025-06-25 修回日期:2025-07-17 出版日期:2026-01-10 发布日期:2026-01-30
通讯作者: 周勇(1989—), 男, 副研究员, 研究方向为海洋地震学。email: zhouyong@scsio.ac.cn
作者简介:
张泽铭(2000—), 男, 硕士研究生, 研究方向为基于T波的地震定位。email: 2112309048@mail2.gdut.edu.cn
*感谢中国科学院中国-斯里兰卡联合科教中心在数据采集及后期研究中给予的支持; 数据处理以及绘图中使用GMT软件; 感谢两位匿名审稿人建设性意见
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金面上项目(42474071); 海南省自然科学基金联合项目(2021JJLH0054); 中国科学院国际伙伴计划项目(059GJHZ2023104MI); 中国科学院中国-斯里兰卡联合科教中心联合资助

A preliminary study on Indian Ocean tsunami hazards and T-wave-based tsunami early warning^*

ZHANG Zeming¹(), ZHOU Yong²(), XU Min²^,³, ZHAO Minghui²^,³, XIE Jinqian⁴, CHEN Haopeng¹, ZHANG Yayun²

¹Department of Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
²State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 511458, China
³University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
⁴School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China

Received:2025-06-25 Revised:2025-07-17 Online:2026-01-10 Published:2026-01-30
Contact: ZHOU Yong. email: zhouyong@scsio.ac.cn
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42474071); Joint Project of the Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province(2021JJLH0054); International Partnership Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(059GJHZ2023104MI); China-Sri Lanka Joint Center for Education and Research of the Chinese Academy of Sciences

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

印度洋及周边地区是全球受海啸威胁最严重的区域之一, 历史上多次海啸事件造成了重大的人员伤亡和经济损失。增加海啸预警效能, 对提升该区域防灾减灾能力至关重要。本文首先回顾并总结了印度洋区域的历史海啸事件特征及其影响, 选取三次典型海啸事件进行深入分析, 探讨海啸生成与区域构造背景等之间的关联; 讨论地震、海底滑波和火山活动3种主要的海啸生成机制, 分析其特征及潜在的耦合作用。最后, 基于地震台网数据开展了印度洋T波海啸预警的探索性研究, 并评估了T波海啸预警的可行性, 为未来印度洋区域实施更高效的海啸预警提供科学参考。

关键词: 海啸灾害, 生成机制, 海啸预警, T波, 印度洋

Abstract:

The Indian Ocean is one of the most tsunami-prone regions globally, with numerous historical events causing significant loss of life and economic damage. Establishing effective early warning systems is critical for enhancing regional disaster prevention and mitigation capabilities. This study reviews historical tsunami events in the Indian Ocean and their impacts, and conducts an in-depth analysis of three representative cases to examine the relationship between tsunami generation and tectonic settings. We specifically discuss the three primary tsunami generation mechanisms—earthquakes, submarine landslides, and volcanic activity—and analyze their characteristics and potential interactions. Furthermore, we explore the potential use of T-waves in tsunami early warning in the Indian Ocean and evaluate the feasibility of this approach, offering new insights into more efficient early warning strategies for the Indian Ocean in the future.

Key words: tsunami hazards, generation mechanisms, tsunami early warning, T-waves, Indian Ocean

中图分类号:

P313.2

张泽铭, 周勇, 徐敏, 赵明辉, 谢谨谦, 陈浩朋, 张亚运. 印度洋海啸灾害事件及基于T波的海啸预警初探^*[J]. 热带海洋学报, 2026, 45(1): 44-59.

ZHANG Zeming, ZHOU Yong, XU Min, ZHAO Minghui, XIE Jinqian, CHEN Haopeng, ZHANG Yayun. A preliminary study on Indian Ocean tsunami hazards and T-wave-based tsunami early warning^*[J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2026, 45(1): 44-59.

图/表 13

图1

表 1

1762年至今印度洋海域海啸汇总"

时间	经度	纬度	震级Mw	震源深度/km	海啸爬高/m	死亡人数
1762-04-02	92°E	22°N	*	*	1.83	*
1797-02-10	99°E	0°00′3.6″N	8.0	*	*	300
1815-04-10	118°E	8°12′S	*	*	4	*
1820-12-29	119°E	7°S	7.5	80	25	500
1833-11-24	100°30′E	2°30′S	8.3	75	*	*
1843-01-05	98°E	1°30′N	7.3	70	*	*
1857-05-13	115°30′E	8°S	7	50	3.4	*
1859-10-20	111°E	9°S	*	*	*	2
1861-02-16	97°30′E	1°S	8.5	70	7	1105
1861-03-09	98°E	0°00′32.4″N	7.0	20	*	950
1883-08-27	105°25′22.8″E	6°6′7.2″N	*	*	41	34417
1907-01-04	95°30′E	2°40′52″N	8.2	50	15	2188
1921-09-11	111°E	11°S	7.5	*	0.1	*
1928-08-04	121°42′E	8°18′S	*	1	10	128
1930-05-05	96°30′E	17°18′S	7.3	*	1.06	*
1941-06-26	96°36′E	11°54′S	8	20	1.5	*
1945-11-27	63°E	24°30′N	8	*	17	4000
1977-08-19	118°22′41″E	11°9′50.4″S	8.3	25	15	189
1979-07-18	123°30′E	8°36′S	*	*	9	1239
1983-11-30	72°6′E	6°48′S	7.7	10	1.5	*
1992-12-12	121°53′46.6″E	8°28′48″S	7.8	28	26.2	1169
1994-06-02	112°50′6.6″E	10°28′37.2″S	7.8	18	13.9	238
1994-06-03	112°53′31.2″E	10°21′43.2″S	6.6	26	3.7	*
1994-06-05	113°22′8.8″E	10°20′27.6″S	6.1	17	3	*
1995-05-14	125°2′56.4″E	8°27′7.2″S	6.9	13	4	11
2000-06-18	97°27′10.8″E	13°48′7.2″S	7.9	10	0.3	*
2002-09-13	93°6′E	13°S	6.5	21	*	*
2004-11-11	124°52′4.8″E	8°9′7.2″S	7.5	10	2	*
2004-12-26	95°58′55.2″E	3°17′42″N	9.1	30	50.9	227899
2005-03-28	97°6′29″E	2°5′6″N	8.6	30	4.2	16
2005-04-10	99°36′E	1°36′S	6.7	19	0.4	*
2006-07-17	107°24′39.6″E	9°15′14.4″S	7.7	34	20.9	802
2007-09-12	101°22′1.2″E	4°26′17″S	8.4	34	5	*
2008-02-25	99°58′19.9″E	2°29′9.6″S	6.5	25	0.12	*
2009-08-16	99°29′24″E	1°28′44.4″S	6.7	20	0.18	*
2009-09-02	107°17′49.2″E	1°46′55.2″S	7	46	0.4	*
2009-09-30	99°52′1.2″E	0°43′12″S	7.5	81	0.27	*
2010-04-06	97°2′52.8″E	2°22′58.8″N	7.8	31	0.44	*
2010-06-12	91°56′9.6″E	7°52′51.6″N	7.5	35	0.03	*
2010-10-25	100°4′55.2″E	3°29′13.2″S	7.8	20	16.9	431
2012-04-11	93°3′46.7″E	2°19′37.2″N	8.6	20	1.08	*
2012-04-11	92°27′46.7″E	0°48′7.2″N	8.2	25	*	*
2016-03-02	94°19′48″E	4°57′7.2″S	7.8	24	2.4	*
2018-08-05	116°26′16.8″E	8°15′29″S	6.9	34	2	*
2018-12-22	105°25′55.2″E	6°6′7.2″S	*	*	85	437
2021-12-14	122°12′E	7°36′11″S	7.3	18	0.07	*
2023-04-24	98°31′26.4″E	0°47′56.4″S	7.1	34	0.11	*

表 1

图2

图3

图4

图5

图6

图7

表2

图8

图9

图10

图11

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指标	预警时间	准确性	适用范围	缺点
潮位站监测	海啸抵达时间	可直观反映实际海平面变化	以近岸为主	预警时间有限 (Holgate et al, 2008)
DART系统监测	可实时接收深海压力变化数据	能直接监测海啸波引起的压力变化	仅限浮标覆盖区域	建设和维护成本高 (Bernard et al, 2001)
地震信息监测	地震台站能快速接收地震信号	依赖震源参数, 存在低估震级风险	全球范围均可适用	难以分辨近海和海底地震 (Gou et al, 2025)
T波监测	传播速度虽慢于地震波, 但远快于海啸波, 可提前预警	多数海啸地震伴随明显T波信号, 但非所有T波都对应海啸	具有一定的适用范围	传播特性复杂

印度洋海啸灾害事件及基于T波的海啸预警初探^*

A preliminary study on Indian Ocean tsunami hazards and T-wave-based tsunami early warning^*

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印度洋海啸灾害事件及基于T波的海啸预警初探*

A preliminary study on Indian Ocean tsunami hazards and T-wave-based tsunami early warning*

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印度洋海啸灾害事件及基于T波的海啸预警初探^*

A preliminary study on Indian Ocean tsunami hazards and T-wave-based tsunami early warning^*