东海及其邻近海域受胁鱼类保护空缺分析

doi:10.11978/2022046

Abstract

Abstract:

A total of 88 threatened fish species were selected for the study, and their spatial distribution was predicted using publicly available data and the MaxEnt model. The conservation gap analysis was performed based on the predicted distribution, and recommendations for the conservation of the East China Sea and adjacent sea areas were proposed. The results showed that the hotspot areas of threatened fish covered 1.58×10¹¹m², mainly located in the southern coastal area of the Yangtze estuary and the Taiwan Strait. Among them, the top 10%of the hotspot areas was about 5.68×10¹⁰m², mainly located in the coastal waters of Fujian and Guangdong provinces, and sea areas adjacent to Taiwan Island and Penghu Islands. Further investigation of the distribution patterns revealed that there were six different zones in the current distribution of threatened fish in the East China Sea. The existing marine protected areas are mainly concentrated in zones I and Ⅳ, while no protected area has been established in zones Ⅱ and Ⅲ, indicating that habitats of most threatened fish have not been effectively protected. These results provide a scientific basis for improving and optimizing the fish biodiversity conservation strategies in the East China Sea and adjacent sea areas.

Key words: biodiversity, threatened fish, hotspot, MaxEnt model, marine protected areas

WANG Zihan, ZENG Cong, JIANG Ziyu, CAO Ling. Conservation gap analysis of threatened fish in the East China Sea and adjacent sea areas[J].Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2023, 42(1): 66-86.

Figures/Tables 10

Tab. 1

The references of distribution data of endangered fish"

序号	物种	拉丁学名	参考文献
1	台湾扁鲨	Squatina formosa	Walsh et al, 2007; Kriwet et al, 2010; Stelbrink et al, 2010; 陈永俊, 2014
2	日本扁鲨	Squatina japonica	黄良敏, 2011; Theiss et al, 2013; 苏巍, 2014
3	星云扁鲨	Squatina nebulosa	Walsh et al, 2007; Theiss et al, 2013
4	日本单鳍电鳐	Narke japonica	杜建国等, 2010; 蒋新花, 2010; 沈长春, 2011; 张静等, 2013; 管伟等, 2017; 李聪, 2019
5	无刺蝠鲼	Mobula mobular	陈国宝等, 2006
6	埃氏前口蝠鲼	Mobula birostris	陈国宝等, 2006
7	花点无刺鲼	Aetomylaeus maculatus	陈国宝等, 2006
8	黄魟	Dasyatis bennettii	陈国宝等, 2006; 沈长春, 2011; 张静等, 2013; 刘勇等, 2015; 曾嘉维, 2019
9	光魟	Dasyatis laevigata	蒋新花, 2010; 刘勇等, 2015; 沈忱, 2019; 曾嘉维, 2019
10	奈氏魟	Dasyatis navarrae	蒋新花, 2010; 徐兆礼等, 2011
11	中国魟	Dasyatis sinensis	蒋新花, 2010; 刘勇等, 2015
12	迈氏条尾魟	Taeniurops meyeni	陈国宝等, 2006
13	锥齿鲨	Carcharias taurus	孙典荣等, 2006; 黄良敏, 2011
14	浅海长尾鲨	Alopias pelagicus	Liu et al, 2006; Ho et al, 2011; Cardeñosa et al, 2014
15	大眼长尾鲨	Alopias superciliosus	Chen et al, 1997; Jambura et al, 2021
16	狐形长尾鲨	Alopias vulpinus	陈国宝等, 2006; 黄良敏, 2011
17	斑纹犁头鳐	Rhinobatos hynnicephalus	徐兆礼等, 2011; 李聪, 2019; 沈忱, 2019
18	中国团扇鳐	Platyrhina sinensis	李建生等, 2007; 杜昊, 2009; 蒋新花, 2010; 王迎宾等, 2010; 孙典荣等, 2011; 徐兆礼等, 2011; 曾慧慧, 2012; 张静等, 2013; 陈永俊, 2014; 刘勇等, 2015; 游天福等, 2016; 游天福, 2017; 沈忱, 2019; 曾嘉维, 2019
19	何氏瓮鳐	Okamejei hollandi	陈永俊, 2014
20	美鳐	Beringraja pulchra	曾慧慧, 2012
21	圆犁头鳐	Rhina ancylostoma	陈国宝等, 2006
22	黑线银鲛	Chimaera phantasma	陈国宝等, 2006
23	路氏双髻鲨	Sphyrna lewini	陈国宝等, 2006; 李灵智等, 2009, 2010; 黄良敏, 2011; Su et al, 2020
24	无沟双髻鲨	Sphyrna mokarran	黄良敏, 2011; Roemer et al, 2016
25	锤头双髻鲨	Sphyrna zygaena	Stelbrink et al, 2010; Theiss et al, 2013; 苏巍, 2014
26	白边鳍真鲨	Carcharhinus albimarginatus	陈国宝等, 2006; 孙典荣等, 2006
27	白斑星鲨	Mustelus manazo	陈国宝等, 2006; 杜昊, 2009; 曾慧慧, 2012
28	巴氏海马	Hippocampus bargibanti	Lourie et al, 2005
29	冠海马	Hippocampus coronatus	Jiang et al, 2020
30	刺海马	Hippocampus histrix	张会军, 2013; 于南京等, 2020
31	大海马	Hippocampus kelloggi	Wang et al, 2019; 曾嘉维, 2019; Sun et al, 2020
32	库达海马	Hippocampus kuda	Lourie et al, 2005; Jiang et al, 2020; Sun et al, 2020
33	日本海马	Hippocampus mohnikei	曾慧慧, 2012; 张亮等, 2014; Zhang et al, 2014; 游天福, 2017
34	棘海马	Hippocampus spinosissimus	Lourie et al, 2005; Sun et al, 2020
35	三斑海马	Hippocampus trimaculatus	Lourie et al, 2004, 2005; Qin et al, 2012; Zhang et al, 2014; Wang et al, 2016; 曾嘉维, 2019; Sun et al, 2020
序号	物种	拉丁学名	参考文献
36	凤鲚	Coilia mystus	王迪等, 2006; 李忠义等, 2009; 宋普庆等, 2009; 杜建国等, 2010; 宋秀凯等, 2010; 黄良敏, 2011; 姜涛等, 2011; 沈长春, 2011; 沈新强等, 2011; 赵晓娟等, 2011; 刘守海等, 2012; 魏永杰等, 2012; 郑献之等, 2012; 何贤保等, 2013; 王陈等, 2014; 刘勇等, 2015; 晁眉等, 2016; 管伟等, 2017; 游天福, 2017; 石焱, 2018; 宋超等, 2018; 沃佳等, 2018; 韩旭东等, 2019; 李聪, 2019; 沈忱, 2019; 杨琴, 2019; 曾嘉维, 2019; 于南京等, 2020; 于旭光等, 2020
37	刀鲚	Coilia nasus	姜涛等, 2011; 沈新强等, 2011; 宋超等, 2018
38	二长棘犁齿鲷	Evynnis cardinalis	张跃平, 2011; Zhu et al, 2013; 赵洪强等, 2014; 何雄波, 2016; Song et al, 2016; 蔡研聪等, 2017; 苏杨等, 2018; 何思璇等, 2019; 林楠, 2019; 吴仁协等, 2019; 张文博等, 2019
39	金线鱼	Nemipterus virgatus	王雪辉等, 2004; 卢振彬等, 2008; 张静等, 2013; 刘勇, 2014; 陈永俊, 2014; Hao et al, 2015; 刘勇等, 2015; 彭露等, 2018; 曾嘉维, 2019
40	波纹唇鱼	Cheilinus undulatus	胡静, 2012; 胡静等, 2013, 2014
41	赤点石斑鱼	Epinephelus akaara	董颖等, 2008; 陈省平等, 2012
42	日本白姑鱼	Argyrosomus japonicus	陈定标, 2017; 梁海, 2019
43	日本鳗鲡	Anguilla japonica	Sasai et al, 2001; 张涛等, 2009, 2010; Miller et al, 2011; 曾慧慧, 2012; 智玉龙, 2013; Gong et al, 2014; 帅方敏等, 2015; 刘炳舰, 2017; 游天福, 2017; 于磊, 2017; 付秀兰等, 2018; 张文博等, 2019
44	中华鲟	Acipenser sinensis	张涛等, 2010

Tab. 1

Fig. 1

Tab. 2

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Fig. 7

Tab. S1

The statistic results of predicted distribution of endangered fish based on MaxEnt model"

序号		物种		拉丁学名	目	痕迹点数/个	RM	FC	Boyce指数	非零系数个数	训练AUC	最大贡献变量（从高到低）
1		中华鲟		Acipenser sinensis	鲟形目	17	0.5	L	0.667	6	0.998	平均初级生产力	表层硅酸盐浓度	离岸距离
2		睛斑鹞鲼		Aetobatus ocellatus	鲼目	10	2.5	L	0.789	4	0.939	水深	离岸距离	平均海表温度
3		纳鲁鹞鲼		Aetobatus narutobiei	鲼目	5	4	LQ	0.952	8	0.995	离岸距离	水深	表层磷酸盐浓度
4		花点无刺鲼		Aetomylaeus maculatus	鲼目	7	3.5	LQ	0.667	2	0.887	水深	表层磷酸盐浓度	平均海表温度
5		圆颌北梭鱼		Albula glossodonta	北梭鱼目	9	3.5	LQ	0.862	4	0.992	离岸距离	水深	表层硅酸盐浓度
6		浅海长尾鲨		Alopias pelagicus	鼠鲨目	33	2	L	0.911	7	0.925	离岸距离	表层磷酸盐浓度	pH值
7		大眼长尾鲨		Alopias superciliosus	鼠鲨目	8	3.5	LQ	0.693	3	0.857	水深	pH值	表层硝酸盐浓度
8		狐形长尾鲨		Alopias vulpinus	鼠鲨目	29	1.5	LQ	0.828	9	0.947	水深	离岸距离	pH值
9		日本鳗鲡		Anguilla japonica	鳗鲡目	202	2.5	LQHPT	0.973	53	0.96	水深	平均初级生产力	平均海表温度
10		花鳗鲡		Anguilla marmorata	鳗鲡目	45	0.5	LQ	0.953	13	0.963	离岸距离	平均初级生产力	表层硅酸盐浓度
11		日本白姑鱼		Argyrosomus japonicus	鲈形目	59	2.5	LQHPT	0.841	24	0.989	平均初级生产力	平均海表温度	水深
12		驼峰大鹦嘴鱼		Bolbometopon muricatum	鲈形目	47	0.5	LQ	0.72	12	0.968	离岸距离	平均海表温度	水深
13		白边真鲨		Carcharhinus albimarginatus	真鲨目	17	0.5	L	0.755	6	0.928	水深	离岸距离	平均海表温度
14		直齿真鲨		Carcharhinus brevipinna	真鲨目	11	2.5	L	0.908	3	0.959	水深	离岸距离	pH值
15		乌翅真鲨		Carcharhinus melanopterus	真鲨目	41	3.5	LQ	0.908	6	0.95	离岸距离	水深	平均海表温度
16		锥齿鲨		Carcharias taurus	鼠鲨目	23	0.5	L	0.643	8	0.967	水深	离岸距离	pH值
17		噬人鲨		Carcharodon carcharias	鼠鲨目	14	2.5	LQ	0.341	5	0.995	离岸距离	平均海表盐度	平均海表温度
18		网纹绒毛鲨		Cephaloscyllium fasciatum	真鲨目	5	2	LQHP	0.793	17	0.98	水深	表层硝酸盐浓度	离岸距离
19		波纹唇鱼		Cheilinus undulatus	鲈形目	65	0.5	L	0.824	8	0.91	水深	平均海表温度	离岸距离
20		印度斑竹鲨		Chiloscyllium indicum	须鲨目	6	3.5	L	0.599	2	0.97	离岸距离	水深	平均海表温度
21		黑线银鲛		Chimaera phantasma	银鲛目	39	1	L	0.922	9	0.916	水深	pH值	表层硅酸盐浓度
22		凤鲚		Coilia mystus	鲱形目	407	1	LQHPT	0.994	82	0.972	平均海表温度	表层硝酸盐浓度	表层磷酸盐浓度
23		刀鲚		Coilia nasus	鲱形目	17	1.5	L	0.865	6	0.96	平均海表温度	离岸距离	表层硝酸盐浓度
24		赤点石斑鱼		Epinephelus akaara	鲈形目	33	0.5	L	0.94	10	0.988	离岸距离	水深	平均海表盐度
25		褐带石斑鱼		Epinephelus bruneus	鲈形目	24	1	L	0.867	8	0.985	离岸距离	平均初级生产力	表层硅酸盐浓度
26		棕点石斑鱼		Epinephelus fuscoguttatus	鲈形目	44	3	LQ	0.917	6	0.934	离岸距离	平均海表温度	水深
27		清水石斑鱼		Epinephelus polyphekadion	鲈形目	32	0.5	L	0.91	8	0.981	水深	表层磷酸盐浓度	pH值
28		布氏真双髻鲨		Eusphyra blochii	真鲨目	6	1.5	LQ	0.707	3	0.973	水深	平均海表温度	表层磷酸盐浓度
29		二长棘犁齿鲷		Evynnis cardinalis	鲈形目	151	0.5	LQ	0.942	12	0.973	水深	平均初级生产力	平均海表盐度
30		日本燕魟		Gymnura japonica	鲼目	14	0.5	L	0.83	7	0.995	平均初级生产力	离岸距离	表层硅酸盐浓度
序号			物种	拉丁学名	目	痕迹点数/个	RM	FC	Boyce指数	非零系数个数	训练AUC	最大贡献变量（从高到低）
31			花尾燕魟	Gymnura poecilura	鲼目	5	2	L	0.439	2	0.981	离岸距离	表层磷酸盐浓度	水深
32			条尾鸢魟	Gymnura zonura	鲼目	11	4	LQ	0.9	3	0.954	离岸距离	水深	pH值
33			梅花鲨	Halaelurus buergeri	真鲨目	21	3	L	0.909	6	0.923	水深	pH值	表层硅酸盐浓度
34			日本半皱唇鲨	Hemitriakis japanica	真鲨目	18	1.5	L	0.929	6	0.991	离岸距离	平均海表盐度	pH值
35			黄魟	Hemitrygon bennettii	鲼目	26	1	L	0.934	7	0.929	水深	平均初级生产力	离岸距离
36			光魟	Hemitrygon laevigata	鲼目	51	1	LQ	0.88	10	0.992	离岸距离	表层磷酸盐浓度	平均初级生产力
37			奈氏魟	Hemitrygon navarrae	鲼目	44	0.5	L	0.944	9	0.996	表层磷酸盐浓度	离岸距离	pH值
38			中国魟	Hemitrygon sinensis	鲼目	47	0.5	L	0.89	9	0.994	表层磷酸盐浓度	离岸距离	水深
39			花点窄尾魟	Himantura uarnak	鲼目	10	1.5	L	0.842	4	0.962	离岸距离	水深	平均海表温度
40			巴氏海马	Hippocampus bargibanti	刺鱼目	84	3	LQHPT	0.96	29	0.984	离岸距离	表层硝酸盐浓度	表层磷酸盐浓度
41			冠海马	Hippocampus coronatus	刺鱼目	12	3	L	0.9	5	0.986	离岸距离	水深	平均海表温度
42			刺海马	Hippocampus histrix	刺鱼目	92	4	LQHPT	0.961	32	0.961	离岸距离	表层硅酸盐浓度	平均海表盐度
43			大海马	Hippocampus kelloggi	刺鱼目	41	1.5	L	0.853	9	0.972	离岸距离	水深	平均海表盐度
44			库达海马	Hippocampus kuda	刺鱼目	114	4	LQH	0.986	22	0.947	离岸距离	平均海表温度	水深
45			日本海马	Hippocampus mohnikei	刺鱼目	84	1	LQ	0.966	13	0.979	平均海表温度	离岸距离	水深
46			棘海马	Hippocampus spinosissimus	刺鱼目	90	0.5	LQ	0.861	14	0.968	离岸距离	水深	平均海表温度
47			三斑海马	Hippocampus trimaculatus	刺鱼目	120	0.5	LQ	0.961	15	0.945	离岸距离	水深	平均初级生产力
48			尖吻鲭鲨	Isurus oxyrinchus	鼠鲨目	7	2	LQ	0.803	2	0.879	水深	pH值	平均海表盐度
49			大黄鱼	Larimichthys crocea	鲈形目	58	0.5	LQ	0.883	14	0.959	水深	平均初级生产力	表层磷酸盐浓度
50			阿氏前口蝠鲼	Mobula alfredi	鲼目	20	0.5	L	0.642	8	0.987	水深	平均海表温度	表层磷酸盐浓度
51			印度蝠鲼	Mobula thurstoni	鲼目	5	3.5	L	0.147	3	0.971	离岸距离	平均海表温度	水深
52			埃氏前口蝠鲼	Mobula birostris	鲼目	14	1.5	LQ	0.929	4	0.983	水深	表层硅酸盐浓度	平均海表温度
53			翻车鲀	Mola mola	鲀形目	8	2.5	L	0.645	5	0.978	离岸距离	水深	表层硅酸盐浓度
54			灰星鲨	Mustelus griseus	真鲨目	25	0.5	L	0.927	8	0.991	离岸距离	平均海表盐度	水深
55			白斑星鲨	Mustelus manazo	真鲨目	29	2	L	0.712	7	0.894	水深	平均海表温度	pH值
56			杨氏深海电鳐	Myliobatis tobijei	鲼目	9	3.5	L	0.22	6	0.995	离岸距离	平均海表盐度	水深
57			短唇双鳍电鲼	Narcine brevilabiata	电鳐目	5	3.5	L	0.212	2	0.868	水深	表层磷酸盐浓度	平均海表温度
58			舌形双鳍电鲼	Narcine lingula	电鳐目	5	3.5	L	0.662	2	0.965	水深	离岸距离	表层磷酸盐浓度
59			日本单鳍电鳐	Narke japonica	电鳐目	92	2	LQHPT	0.991	25	0.989	平均初级生产力	离岸距离	平均海表温度
60			金线鱼	Nemipterus virgatus	鲈形目	280	3.5	LQHPT	0.979	36	0.961	平均海表温度	水深	表层硅酸盐浓度
61			尖棘瓮鳐	Okamejei acutispina	鲼目	19	1	L	0.646	7	0.984	水深	平均海表盐度	平均海表流速
62			斑瓮鳐	Okamejei kenojei	鲼目	27	2	LQ	0.875	10	0.961	水深	平均海表温度	离岸距离
序号	物种			拉丁学名	目	痕迹点数/个	RM	FC	Boyce指数	非零系数个数	训练AUC	最大贡献变量（从高到低）
63	麦氏瓮鳐			Okamejei meerdervoortii	鲼目	5	3.5	LQHP	0.6	7	0.981	水深	pH值	表层硅酸盐浓度
64	鲍氏瓮鳐			Okamejei boesemani	鳐目	9	4	L	0.577	2	0.869	离岸距离	水深	表层硅酸盐浓度
65	何氏瓮鳐			Okamejei hollandi	鳐目	23	0.5	L	0.847	8	0.963	水深	表层硅酸盐浓度	离岸距离
66	尖吻鲀			Oxymonacanthus longirostris	鲀形目	31	0.5	L	0.754	8	0.93	离岸距离	平均海表温度	表层硅酸盐浓度
67	中国团扇鳐			Platyrhina sinensis	鳐目	173	0.5	LQ	0.869	15	0.968	水深	平均初级生产力	表层磷酸盐浓度
68	蓝点鳃棘鲈			Plectropomus areolatus	鲈形目	21	1.5	LQ	0.833	5	0.939	水深	表层硅酸盐浓度	离岸距离
69	哈氏原鲨			Proscyllium habereri	真鲨目	13	1.5	L	0.82	6	0.984	离岸距离	水深	pH值
70	圆犁头鳐			Rhina ancylostoma	鳐目	18	1	L	0.627	6	0.955	水深	离岸距离	pH值
71	鲸鲨			Rhincodon typus	须鲨目	124	0.5	LQ	0.962	13	0.907	离岸距离	水深	平均海表温度
72	许氏犁头鳐			Rhinobatos schlegelii	鳐目	12	1	L	0.525	5	0.997	离岸距离	平均海表盐度	水深
73	斑纹犁头鳐			Rhinobatos hynnicephalus	鳐目	47	0.5	LQ	0.954	13	0.995	离岸距离	平均初级生产力	pH值
74	爪哇牛鼻鲼			Rhinoptera javanica	鲼目	5	1.5	L	0.506	3	0.988	离岸距离	水深	平均海表盐度
75	尖吻斜锯牙鲨			Rhizoprionodon acutus	真鲨目	15	1	L	0.947	7	0.978	离岸距离	水深	平均海表温度
76	密沟圆鲀			Sphoeroides pachygaster	鲀形目	34	0.5	LQ	0.764	15	0.97	水深	平均海表盐度	离岸距离
77	无沟双髻鲨			Sphyrna mokarran	真鲨目	6	2.5	L	0.925	3	0.895	水深	离岸距离	表层硅酸盐浓度
78	锤头双髻鲨			Sphyrna zygaena	真鲨目	41	0.5	LQ	0.796	15	0.979	平均海表温度	表层硝酸盐浓度	水深
79	短吻角鲨			Squalus brevirostris	角鲨目	8	4	LQ	0.718	2	0.95	平均海表盐度	水深	平均海表温度
80	日本角鲨			Squalus japonicus	角鲨目	17	2.5	L	0.879	5	0.967	水深	平均海表盐度	表层磷酸盐浓度
81	长吻角鲨			Squalus mitsukurii	角鲨目	11	1.5	L	0.848	5	0.975	水深	平均海表盐度	离岸距离
82	台湾扁鲨			Squatina formosa	扁鲨目	19	0.5	L	0.9	8	0.987	水深	pH值	表层硅酸盐浓度
83	日本扁鲨			Squatina japonica	扁鲨目	52	1	LQ	0.9	10	0.973	平均海表温度	表层硝酸盐浓度	水深
84	星云扁鲨			Squatina nebulosa	扁鲨目	26	0.5	LQ	0.781	10	0.976	水深	pH值	平均海表流速
85	迈氏条尾魟			Taeniurops meyeni	鲼目	33	2	LQ	0.839	9	0.925	水深	离岸距离	平均海表温度
86	大眼金枪鱼			Thunnus obesus	鲈形目	18	3	LQ	0.856	6	0.919	水深	离岸距离	pH值
87	灰三齿鲨			Triaenodon obesus	真鲨目	50	2	L	0.937	7	0.969	离岸距离	水深	平均海表温度
88	褐黄扁魟			Urolophus aurantiacus	鲼目	28	1.5	L	0.899	7	0.971	离岸距离	水深	pH值

Tab. S1

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数据类型	环境变量名称	单位	是否保留	数据来源
地形数据	水深	m	√	General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO)
地形数据	离岸距离	m	√	ArcGIS-“欧氏距离”
理化数据	平均海表温度	℃	√	Bio-ORACLE (https://bio-oracle.org/)
	海表温度差	℃	×
	pH值		√
	平均海表盐度	‰	√
	海表盐度差	‰	×
	平均溶解氧浓度	mol·m^-3	×
	溶解氧浓度差	mol·m^-3	×
	平均海表流速	m^-1	√
	海表流速范围	m^-1	×
	表层硝酸盐浓度	mol·m^-3	√
	表层硅酸盐浓度	mol·m^-3	√
	表层磷酸盐浓度	mol·m^-3	√
生物数据	平均叶绿素浓度	g·m^-3	×	Bio-ORACLE (https://bio-oracle.org/)
	叶绿素浓度范围	g·m^-3	×
	平均初级生产力	g·m^-3·d^-1	√
	初级生产力范围	g·m^-3·d^-1	×

Conservation gap analysis of threatened fish in the East China Sea and adjacent sea areas

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