3个地区可口革囊星虫营养成分及重金属含量的分析与评价

doi:10.11978/2023061

Abstract

Abstract:

To evaluate the nutritional value, taste activity and health risk, the content of fatty acid, hydrolyzed amino acid, free amino acid and heavy metal in Phascolosama esulenta from Beihai of Guangxi, Zhanjiang of Guangdong, and Ningde of Fujian were analyzed. Twenty-two types of fatty acids were detected in these three regions. The hypercholesterolemia index HI was 13.11 in Beihai, 14.09 in Zhanjiang, 16.64 in Ningde, the atherogenic index AI was 0.49, 0.49, 0.56, and the thrombosis index TI was 0.62, 0.75, 0.81, respectively. There were 17 hydrolyzed amino acids in each of the three regions, with a total amino acids (TAA) of 159.70 mg·g^-1, 155.97 mg·g^-1, and 161.49 mg·g^-1, respectively, and there was no significant difference. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations / Word Health Organization (FAO/WHO), when using the amino acid score (AAS) and chemical score (CA) as standards, the first and second limiting amino acids of the three regions of the P. esulenta are Met + Cys, and Val, respectively. In addition, the essential amino acid indexes (EAAI) were 11.14, 10.62 and 11.37, respectively, indicating that the three regions of the P. esulenta can all serve as ideal protein sources. The results of free amino acids showed that the P. esulenta of Beihai contained 15 kinds of free amino acids, while Zhanjiang and Ningde both contained 16 free amino acids, with a significant difference in total free amino acid content (p < 0.05). It was found that the taste activity values (TAV) of Glu, Gly and Ala in the free amino acids of the three regions were all greater than 1, indicating that these three amino acids contribute the most to flavor formation. Additionally, the heavy metal content analysis indicated that the heavy metal level in Beihai and Zhanjiang was Zn > Pb > Cu > As > Cd > Hg, while the content of heavy metals in Ningde was Zn > Cu > Pb > As > Cd > Hg. The single pollution index showed that the three geographic groups were all heavily polluted by the heavy metal Pb, of which Ningde was the most serious. The comprehensive pollution index showed that the heavy metal pollution of P. esculeata in the Beihai reached the threshold for slight pollution (P = 0.96), Zhanjiang and Ningde were moderately polluted (1 < P < 2). The single target hazard quotient (THQ) and the compound target hazard quotient (TTHQ) were all less than 1, indicating that there was no potential health risk for adults and children for the consumption of this species. The results provide a theoretical basis for the utilization and subsequent industrial precision processing of P. esculeata.

Key words: Phascolosama esulenta, fatty acids, amino acids, heavy metal contents

WU Xueping, YE Hongxia, YAO Youju, LIU Haoxiang, LI Ruihua, TONG Tong. Analysis and evaluation of nutrient composition and heavy metal content of Phascolosama esulenta in three regions[J].Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2024, 43(2): 92-107.

Figures/Tables 8

Fig. 1

Tab.1

Composition of fatty acids of P. esculeata of three regions"

脂肪酸	含量/%
脂肪酸	北海	湛江	宁德
月桂酸(C12:0)	0.09±0.01^a	0.09±0.00^a	0.11±0.01^a
十三碳酸(C13:0)	0.11±0.01^a	0.12±0.01^a	0.10±0.00^a
肉豆蔻酸(C14:0)	3.98±0.22^b	3.36±0.38^c	4.64±0.19^a
十五碳酸(C15:0)	1.22±0.10^b	1.58±0.09^a	1.53±0.13^a
棕榈酸(C16:0)	9.13±1.27^c	10.73±1.11^b	12.00±0.20^a
十七碳酸(C17:0)	8.25±0.17^b	8.99±0.46^a	8.41±0.14^b
硬脂酸(C18:0)	22.99±0.32^a	22.59±0.88^b	21.64±0.35^c
花生酸(C20:0)	1.71±0.09^a	1.26±0.07^b	1.27±0.10^b
二十一碳酸(C21:0)	0.49±0.10^b	0.70±0.04^a	0.52±0.07^b
二十二碳酸(C22:0)	0.55±0.02^b	0.68±0.03^a	0.57±0.05^b
二十三碳酸(C23:0)	0.13±0.00^b	0.16±0.02^a	0.20±0.03^a
饱和脂肪酸( ∑SFA)	48.65±0.70^b	50.26±0.38^a	50.99±0.67^a
棕榈油酸(C16:1n7)	1.66±0.05^b	2.19±0.24^a	2.35±0.31^a
油酸(C18:1n9c)	3.57±0.47^b	4.13±0.50^a	4.05±0.25^a
二十碳一烯(C20:1)	0.54±0.14^b	0.48±0.09^b	0.69±0.10^a
芥酸(C22:1n9)	27.71±1.29^c	28.55±0.96^b	31.15±0.82^a
单不饱和脂肪酸( ∑MUFA)	32.98±0.93^c	35.35±0.41^b	38.24±0.46^a
亚油酸(C18:2n6c)	4.31±0.16^b	3.18±0.70^c	6.93±0.43^a
二十碳二烯(C20:2)	0.85±0.13^b	1.05±0.08^b	1.57±0.06^a
二十碳三烯酸甘油三酯(C20:3n3)	10.06±1.15^a	7.42±0.41^b	6.24±0.20^c
二十碳三烯酸甲酯(C20:3n6)	0.41±0.03^b	0.47±0.03^a	0.47±0.05^a
花生四烯酸(ARA, C20:4n6)	0.48±0.11^b	0.81±0.08^a	0.41±0.02^b
二十碳五烯酸(EPA, C20:5n3)	1.99±0.14^a	1.29±0.21^c	1.73±0.04^b
二十二碳六烯酸甲酯(DHA, C22:6n3)	0.27±0.03^a	0.21±0.02^b	0.22±0.00^b
多不饱和脂肪酸( ∑PUFA)	18.37±1.31^a	14.43±0.41^c	17.57±0.63^b
∑PUFA n-3	12.32±1.10^a	8.92±0.56^b	8.21±0.22^c
∑PUFA n-6	5.20±0.14^b	4.46±0.10^c	7.81±0.05^a
∑UFA	51.35±0.87^b	49.78±0.72^c	55.81±0.55^a
EPA+DHA	2.26±0.16^a	1.5±0.22^c	1.95±0.04^b
EPA/DHA	7.37	6.14	7.86
n-3/n-6	2.37	2.00	1.05
∑UFA/∑SFA	1.06	0.99	1.09
∑PUFA/∑SFA	0.38	0.29	0.34
HI	13.11	14.09	16.64
AI	0.49	0.49	0.56
TI	0.63	0.75	0.81

Tab.1

Tab. 2

Tab. 3

Tab. 4

Tab. 5

Tab. 6

Tab. 7

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水解氨基酸	北海	湛江	宁德
天冬氨酸 Asp^***	16.23±2.19^a	15.63±0.07^a	16.33±0.04^a
苏氨酸 Thr^*	7.57±1.13^a	7.30±0.35^a	7.67±0.14^a
丝氨酸 Ser	6.83±1.13^a	6.40±0.07^a	6.80±0.14^a
谷氨酸 Glu^***	26.47±1.03^a	26.30±1.06^a	26.47±0.35^a
甘氨酸 Gly^***	14.60±2.69^a	14.90±1.67^a	14.37±1.34^a
丙氨酸 Ala^***	12.70±1.91^a	13.50±0.85^a	14.20±0.21^a
胱氨酸Cys	1.10±0.14^a	1.07±0.14^a	1.27±0.07^a
缬氨酸Val^*	6.04±0.62^a	5.70±0.14^a	6.17±0.07^a
蛋氨酸Met^*	2.33±0.49^a	2.17±0.49^a	2.37±0.26^a
异亮氨酸Ile^*	5.37±0.78^a	5.27±0.28^a	5.67±0.07^a
亮氨酸Leu^*	11.93±1.63^a	11.57±1.13^a	12.27±0.14^a
酪氨酸Tyr^**	6.80±1.41^a	5.83±0.35^a	5.63±0.14^a
苯丙氨酸Phe^*	4.53±0.64^a	4.20±0.14^a	4.67±0.07^a
赖氨酸 Lys^*	10.30±1.20^a	10.13±0.92^a	10.87±0.14^a
组氨酸 His^**	2.27±0.42^a	2.17±0.07^a	2.53±0.01^a
精氨酸 Arg^**	17.30±3.18^a	16.53±2.26^a	16.37±0.64^a
脯氨酸 Pro	7.33±1.06^a	7.30±0.99^a	7.83±0.21^a
氨基酸总量 TAA	159.70^a	155.97^a	161.49^a
必需氨基酸 EAA	48.07^a	46.34^a	49.69^a
非必需氨基酸 NEAA	111.63^a	109.63^a	111.80^a
半必需氨基酸 HEAA	26.37^a	24.53^a	24.53^a
鲜味氨基酸 DAA	70.00^a	70.03^a	71.37^a
DAA/TAA (%)	43.83	44.89	44.19
EAA/TAA (%)	30.10	29.71	30.77
EAA/NEAA (%)	43.06	42.27	44.45

游离氨基酸	呈味特性	味道阈值/ (mg·g^-1)	含量/(mg·g^-1)			TAV
游离氨基酸	呈味特性	味道阈值/ (mg·g^-1)	北海	湛江	宁德	北海	湛江	宁德
天冬氨酸 Asp	鲜(+)	1.0	0.44±0.05^b	0.74±0.01^a	0.47±0.05^b	0.44	0.74	0.47
苏氨酸 Thr	甜(+)	2.6	0.14±0.03^a	0.15±0.05^a	0.13±0.02^a	0.05	0.06	0.05
丝氨酸 Ser	甜(+)	1.5	0.10±0.04^a	0.12±0.04^a	0.05±0.00^a	0.01	0.01	0.03
谷氨酸 Glu	鲜(+)	0.3	0.61±0.16^b	0.91±0.11^a	0.60±0.03^b	2.03	3.03	2.00
甘氨酸 Gly	甜(+)	1.3	1.77±0.06^c	2.93±0.21^a	2.33±0.15^b	1.36	2.25	1.79
丙氨酸 Ala	甜(+)	0.6	0.94±0.01^b	2.17±0.23^a	2.43±0.12^a	1.57	3.62	4.05
胱氨酸Cys	苦/甜/硫(-)	ND	—	0.20±0.07	—	—	—	—
缬氨酸Val	甜/苦(-)	0.4	0.08±0.02^a	0.11±0.03^a	0.06±0.01^a	0.20	0.28	0.15
蛋氨酸Met	苦/甜/硫(-)	0.3	—	—	0.05±0.00	—	—	0.20
异亮氨酸Ile	苦(-)	0.9	0.03±0.01^a	0.03±0.01^a	0.02±0.00^a	0.03	0.03	0.02
亮氨酸Leu	苦(-)	1.9	0.10±0.04^a	0.10±0.03^a	0.13±0.05^a	0.01	0.01	0.07
酪氨酸Tyr	苦(-)	ND	0.16±0.00^a	0.09±0.02^a	0.10±0.00^a	—	—	—
苯丙氨酸Phe	苦(-)	0.9	0.09±0.00^a	0.09±0.00^a	0.13±0.01^a	0.10	0.10	0.14
赖氨酸 Lys	甜/苦(-)	0.5	0.15±0.05^b	0.27±0.04^a	0.12±0.05^b	0.30	0.54	0.24
组氨酸 His	苦(-)	0.2	0.05±0.00^b	0.11±0.02^a	0.13±0.01^a	0.25	0.55	0.60
精氨酸 Arg	苦/甜 (+)	0.5	0.08±0.01^a	0.09±0.04^a	0.08±0.01^a	0.16	0.18	0.16
脯氨酸 Pro	甜/苦(+)	3.0	0.20±0.01^b	1.10±0.18^a	1.07±0.06^a	0.07	0.36	0.35
氨基酸总量TAA			10.30^c	8.47^a	6.58^b
鲜甜味氨基酸			4.11^b	7.95^a	7.07^a
苦味氨基酸			0.74^b	1.13^a	0.87^b

采样点	重金属含量/(mg·kg^-1)
采样点	Pb	Zn	As	Cd	Cu	Hg
北海	1.35±0.03	10.23±0.20	0.48±0.05	0.25±0.02	1.38±0.25	0.04±0.00
湛江	2.49±0.30	7.44±0.44	0.85±0.09	0.06±0.01	1.15±0.09	0.02±0.00
宁德	4.56±0.21	15.23±1.10	1.08±0.11	0.08±0.02	5.62±1.61	0.03±0.00
限量标准值/(mg·kg^-1)	0.50	50.00	0.10	1.00	50.00	0.50

人群	地名	单一重金属危害系数(THQ)						复合重金属危害系数(TTHQ)
人群	地名	Pb	Zn	As	Cd	Cu	Hg	复合重金属危害系数(TTHQ)
成人	北海	0.051	0.005	0.240	0.038	0.005	0.012	0.351
	湛江	0.090	0.004	0.430	0.009	0.004	0.006	0.543
	宁德	0.171	0.008	0.540	0.012	0.021	0.009	0.761
儿童	北海	0.056	0.006	0.267	0.045	0.006	0.013	0.393
	湛江	0.100	0.004	0.470	0.010	0.005	0.007	0.596
	宁德	0.190	0.008	0.600	0.013	0.023	0.010	0.844

Analysis and evaluation of nutrient composition and heavy metal content of Phascolosama esulenta in three regions

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氨基酸	FAO/WHO评分	鸡蛋蛋白	北海		湛江		宁德
氨基酸	FAO/WHO评分	鸡蛋蛋白	AAS	CS	AAS	CS	AAS	CS
苏氨酸(Thr)	250	292	0.19	0.16	0.18	0.16	0.19	0.16
缬氨酸(Val)	310	411	0.12	0.09	0.11	0.09	0.12	0.09
蛋氨酸+胱氨酸(Met+Cys)	220	386	0.10	0.06	0.09	0.05	0.10	0.06
异亮氨酸(Ile)	250	331	0.13	0.10	0.13	0.10	0.14	0.11
亮氨酸(Leu)	440	534	0.17	0.14	0.16	0.14	0.17	0.14
苯丙氨酸+酪氨酸(Phe+Thr)	380	565	0.19	0.13	0.16	0.11	0.17	0.11
赖氨酸(Lys)	340	441	0.19	0.15	0.19	0.14	0.20	0.15
EAAI			11.14		10.62		11.37

采样点	单因子污染指数P_i												综合污染指数(P)
采样点	Pb		Zn		As		Cd		Cu		Hg		综合污染指数(P)
北海		1.35		0.20		0.96		0.25		0.03		0.08		0.96
湛江		2.49		0.27		1.72		0.06		0.02		0.04		1.28
宁德		4.50		0.30		2.10		0.08		0.11		0.06		1.69