Journal of Tropical Oceanography ›› 2026, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (1): 105-116.doi: 10.11978/2025017CSTR: 32234.14.2025017
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A study on the differential impacts of ENSO and IOD on the interannual air temperature variability over Sri Lanka*
LIN Liru1(
), ZHUANG Wei2()
- 1School of Marine Biology, Applied Technology Engineering Center of Fujian Provincial Higher Education for Marine Resource Protection and Ecological Governance, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Intelligent Fishery, Xiamen Ocean Vocational College, Xiamen 361100, China
2College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
-
Received:2025-02-27Revised:2025-03-23Online:2026-01-10Published:2026-01-30 -
Contact:ZHUANG Wei. email:wzhuang@xmu.edu.cn -
Supported by:International Partnership Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(133244KYSB20200024); International Partnership Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(059GJHZ2023104MI); Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province of China(2023J01021); Fujian Provincial Key Science and Technology Program of China(2024YZ040025); National Natural Science Foundation of China(42006177)
CLC Number:
- P732.6
Cite this article
LIN Liru, ZHUANG Wei. A study on the differential impacts of ENSO and IOD on the interannual air temperature variability over Sri Lanka*[J].Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2026, 45(1): 105-116.
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Fig. 1
Topographic elevations of Sri Lanka Island and bathymetric depths of the surrounding ocean"
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Distribution of climatological seasonal mean air temperature (shaded, units: ℃) and wind field (vectors, units: m·s-1) over Sri Lanka. (a) First inter-monsoon season; (b) southwest monsoon prevailing season; (c) second inter-monsoon season; (d) northeast monsoon prevailing season"
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
The first empirical orthogonal function (EOF) mode of interannual air temperature signal over Sri Lanka. (a) Spatial pattern of the first EOF mode (EOF-1, units: ℃); (b) comparison of time series of the corresponding principal component (PC-1) and the Niño3.4 index; (c) comparison of time series of the corresponding PC-1 and the DMI index"
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
The first EOF mode of the interannual air temperature signal over the North Indian Ocean. (a) Spatial pattern of EOF-1 (units: ℃) based on ERA5 data; (b) comparison of time series of the corresponding PC-1 with the Niño3.4 and DMI indices"
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Point-by-point correlation coefficients between the interannual air-temperature variability over Sri Lanka and the Niño3.4 and DMI indices. (a) Ordinary correlation coefficients with the interannual temperature signals lagging the Niño3.4 index by 3 months; (b) partial correlation coefficients after removing the influence of DMI; (c) ordinary correlation coefficients with the interannual temperature signals lagging the DMI index by 4 months; (d) partial correlation coefficients after removing the influence of ENSO; black dots indicate results that reached the 95% confidence level in the t-test"
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Distribution of partial regression coefficients of interannual anomalies for air temperature (shaded), sea level pressure (contours, units: Pa·℃-1) and wind field (vectors, units: m·s-1·℃-1) over the tropical Indian Ocean and surrounding regions relative to the Niño3.4 index. (a) Contemporaneous regression; (b) Niño3.4 index leading by 3 months; (c) Niño3.4 index leading by 6 months; (d) Niño3.4 index leading by 9 months; the impact of the DMI index was removed in the partial regression analysis; regions with black dots indicate that the air temperature and wind field (represented by green arrows) passed the t-test at the 95% confidence level; the purple triangle marks the location of Colombo, Sir Lanka"
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Distribution of partial regression coefficients of interannual anomalies of air temperature (shaded), sea level pressure (contours, units: Pa·℃-1) and wind field (vectors, units: m·s-1·℃-1) in the tropical Indian Ocean and surrounding regions relative to the DMI index. (a) Contemporaneous regression; (b) DMI index leading by 3 months; (c) DMI index leading by 6 months; (d) DMI index leading by 9 months; the impact of Niño3.4 index was removed in the partial regression analysis; regions with black dots indicate that the air temperature and wind field (represented by green arrows) passed the t-test at the 95% confidence level; the purple triangle marks the location of Colombo, Sir Lanka"
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Distribution of partial regression coefficients of interannual anomalies of SST, shortwave radiation flux, sensible heat flux, and latent heat flux in the tropical Indian Ocean and surrounding regions relative to the Niño3.4 index. (a) Contemporaneous partial regression coefficients of SST (shaded) and shortwave radiation flux (contours, units: W·m-2·℃-1); (b) partial regression coefficients of SST (shaded) and shortwave radiation flux (contours, units: W·m-2·℃-1) lagging by 6 months; (c) contemporaneous partial regression coefficients of sensible heat flux (shaded) and latent heat flux (contours, units: W·m-2·℃-1); (d) partial regression coefficients of sensible heat flux (shaded) and latent heat flux (contours, units: W·m-2·℃-1) lagging by 6 months; the impact of the DMI index was removed in the partial regression analysis; black dots indicate regions where the partial regression coefficients of SST and sensible heat flux passed the t-test at the 95% confidence level; the purple triangle marks the location of Colombo, Sir Lanka"
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Distributions of partial regression coefficients of interannual anomalies of SST, shortwave radiation flux, sensible heat flux and latent heat flux in the tropical Indian Ocean and surrounding regions relative to the DMI index. (a) Contemporaneous partial regression coefficients of SST (shaded) and shortwave radiation flux (contours, units: W·m-2·℃-1); (b) partial regression coefficients of SST (shaded) and shortwave radiation flux (contours, units: W·m-2·℃-1) with a 6-month lag; (c) contemporaneous partial regression coefficients of sensible heat flux (shaded, units: W·m-2·℃-1) and latent heat flux (contours, units: W·m-2·℃-1); (d) partial regression coefficients of sensible heat flux (shaded, units: W·m-2·℃-1) and latent heat flux (contours, units: W·m-2·℃-1) with a 6-month lag; the impact of the Niño3.4 index was removed in the partial regression analysis; black dots indicate regions where the partial regression coefficients of SST and sensible heat flux exceed the 95% confidence level on the t-test; the purple triangle marks the location of Colombo, Sir Lanka"
Fig. 9
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