Journal of Tropical Oceanography >
Interpreting the origin of coastal boulders on a coral reef flat at Xiaodonghai of Hainan Island based on storm wave energy analysis
Copy editor: YAO Yantao
Received date: 2020-08-22
Revised date: 2020-11-17
Online published: 2020-12-01
Supported by
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41530962)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41706095)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41706096)
Copyright
Storm and tsunamis boulders may be distinguished by analyzing wave energy dissipation patterns. Here, we use the principles of storm energy conservation and the transport by storm-induced flow, to establish a theoretical distribution pattern of storm boulders on a coral reef flat. The movements of coral boulders with different sizes during a storm event are quantified, to derive their transport distances. The method is applied to the Xiaodonghai coral reef flat of Hainan Island, in combination with the information on historical typhoon events. The result is generally in agreement with the in situ records of the boulders, indicating that the deposition of the boulders is controlled by the storm energy level and the physical properties of the boulders, i.e., the boulder deposits at Xiaodonghai are caused by storm events. In the future, a combined analytical procedure may be established if the storm- and tsunami-induced transport theories are further improved, with improved assumptions for modelling.
WANG Yuanqi , YANG Yang , ZHOU Liang , WANG Yaping , GAO Shu . Interpreting the origin of coastal boulders on a coral reef flat at Xiaodonghai of Hainan Island based on storm wave energy analysis[J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2021 , 40(4) : 110 -121 . DOI: 10.11978/2020093
图2 小东海西南沿岸珊瑚礁坪a. 18块典型巨砾(XD01~XD18)的分布, 图中各巨砾的编号以01~18标示; b. 小东海西南沿岸珊瑚礁坪卫星图, 底图来自Google Earth; c. 编号为XD01的巨砾特征 Fig. 2 Distribution of 18 typical boulders on the coral reef flat at Xiaodonghai (a); satellite image of the coral reef flat (with the base image from Google Earth) (b); and (c) characteristics of No. XD01 boulder |
图3 风暴潮作用下珊瑚巨砾在礁坪上的运动过程a. 珊瑚巨砾运动过程示意图; b. AB段运动过程中巨砾在水平方向上的受力; c. BC段运动过程中巨砾在水平方向上的受力 Fig. 3 The movements of coral boulders on the platform under the action of storm surge: (a) the movement from A to B and finally to C; (b) the horizontal forces exerted on the boulder in the segment AB; and (c) the horizontal forces in the segment BC |
表1 小东海西南沿岸礁平台巨砾参数Tab. 1 Boulder parameters of a reef flat in the southwest coast of Xiaodonghai |
巨砾编号 | 长轴长度/m | 中轴长度/m | 短轴长度/m | Corey形状因子 | 质量/kg | 巨砾位置与礁坪前缘的距离/m |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
XD01 | 2.94 | 2.58 | 2.11 | 0.8 | 19820 | 64.6 |
XD02 | 1.83 | 1.82 | 1.18 | 0.6 | 4914 | 53.8 |
XD03 | 2.15 | 1.72 | 1.19 | 0.6 | 6370 | 46.5 |
XD04 | 1.63 | 1.34 | 1.21 | 0.8 | 3986 | 47.6 |
XD05 | 1.88 | 1.67 | 1.22 | 0.7 | 5587 | 40.2 |
XD06 | 2.53 | 2.44 | 1.67 | 0.7 | 8627 | 31.8 |
XD07 | 2.29 | 1.85 | 1.19 | 0.6 | 6625 | 49.2 |
XD08 | 2.48 | 2.30 | 1.51 | 0.6 | 6334 | 43.1 |
XD09 | 3.47 | 1.93 | 1.39 | 0.5 | 6479 | 57.1 |
XD010 | 2.15 | 1.91 | 1.27 | 0.6 | 4350 | 70.6 |
XD011 | 2.83 | 2.46 | 1.64 | 0.6 | 9335 | 32.6 |
XD012 | 2.48 | 2.46 | 1.61 | 0.6 | 8427 | 37.1 |
XD013 | 3.12 | 2.47 | 1.17 | 0.4 | 9682 | 39.4 |
XD014 | 2.61 | 2.25 | 1.54 | 0.6 | 7225 | 57.1 |
XD015 | 3.34 | 2.23 | 1.48 | 0.5 | 9045 | 71.9 |
XD016 | 2.72 | 2.61 | 1.61 | 0.6 | 10683 | 116.0 |
XD017 | 3.10 | 2.22 | 1.31 | 0.5 | 7680 | 84.2 |
XD018 | 3.16 | 3.02 | 1.62 | 0.5 | 13777 | 72.0 |
表2 风暴巨砾在礁坪上起动后的理论搬运距离Tab. 2 Theoretical transport distances of storm boulders after mobilization on the reef flat |
Corey形状因子 | 巨砾质量/(×103kg) | 波高H=13m时的理论搬运距离/m | 波高H=6m时的理论搬运距离/m |
---|---|---|---|
0.4 | 0.1 | 277.8 | 60.0 |
1 | 127.6 | 28.1 | |
5 | 76.4 | 17.4 | |
10 | 61.7 | 14.3 | |
15 | 54.4 | 12.8 | |
20 | 49.9 | 12.0 | |
0.6 | 0.1 | 285.6 | 61.7 |
1 | 136.2 | 30.0 | |
5 | 81.1 | 18.3 | |
10 | 65.5 | 15.1 | |
15 | 57.6 | 13.5 | |
20 | 52.8 | 12.5 | |
0.8 | 0.1 | 299.2 | 64.6 |
1 | 139.4 | 30.6 | |
5 | 83.7 | 18.9 | |
10 | 67.2 | 15.5 | |
15 | 59.3 | 13.8 | |
20 | 54.3 | 12.8 |
表3 小东海野外实测巨砾在风暴潮作用下的理论空间分布范围与实测距离Tab. 3 Theoretical spatial distribution and measured distances of boulders at Xiaodonghai |
巨砾编号 | 最小理论搬运距离/m | 最大理论搬运距离/m | 巨砾与礁坪前缘的实测距离/m |
---|---|---|---|
XD01 | 12.9 | 54.4 | 64.6 |
XD02 | 18.5 | 82.3 | 53.8 |
XD03 | 17.2 | 75.5 | 46.5 |
XD04 | 20.2 | 89.9 | 47.6 |
XD05 | 18.0 | 78.7 | 40.2 |
XD06 | 15.9 | 69.5 | 31.8 |
XD07 | 17.0 | 74.8 | 49.2 |
XD08 | 17.2 | 75.8 | 43.1 |
XD09 | 16.6 | 72.8 | 57.1 |
XD010 | 19.1 | 84.8 | 70.6 |
XD011 | 15.4 | 66.9 | 32.6 |
XD012 | 16.0 | 70.0 | 37.1 |
XD013 | 14.5 | 62.3 | 39.4 |
XD014 | 16.5 | 74.5 | 57.1 |
XD015 | 15.1 | 65.6 | 71.9 |
XD016 | 14.8 | 64.1 | 116.0 |
XD017 | 16.2 | 68.8 | 84.2 |
XD018 | 13.5 | 57.5 | 72.0 |
表4 巨砾被搬运至实测距离所需的风暴潮海浪波高Tab. 4 Storm surge wave height required for boulder transport to measured distance |
巨砾编号 | 巨砾与礁坪前缘的实测距离/m | 风暴潮海浪波高/m |
---|---|---|
XD01 | 64.6 | 14.2 |
XD015 | 71.9 | 13.5 |
XD016 | 116.0 | 17.8 |
XD017 | 84.2 | 14.3 |
XD018 | 72.0 | 14.6 |
[1] |
陈哲, 2017. 浅谈近年影响海南岛风暴潮的因素探讨[J]. 科技风, (16): 126-128, 130 (in Chinese).
|
[2] |
高抒, 贾建军, 杨阳, 等, 2019. 陆架海岸台风沉积记录及信息提取[J]. 海洋学报, 41(10):141-160.
|
[3] |
黄德银, 施祺, 张叶春, 2005. 海南岛鹿回头与全新世高海平面[J]. 海洋地质与第四纪地质, 25(4):5-11.
|
[4] |
李淑江, 李泽文, 范斌, 等, 2016. 海南岛东南近岸海浪观测及统计特征[J]. 海洋科学进展, 34(1):1-9.
|
[5] |
李文欢, 石海莹, 2013. 海南省风暴潮灾害预报及防范系统研究[M]. 北京: 海洋出版社(in Chinese).
|
[6] |
练健生, 黄晖, 黄良民, 等, 2010. 三亚珊瑚礁及其生物多样性[M]. 北京: 海洋出版社: 106 (in Chinese).
|
[7] |
刘桢峤, 周亮, 高抒, 2019. 基于地面3D激光扫描技术的海南岛南部海岸巨砾沉积研究[J]. 海洋学报, 41(11):127-141.
|
[8] |
毛龙江, 张永战, 魏灵, 等, 2006. 海南岛三亚湾海滩研究[J]. 第四纪研究, 26(3):477-484.
|
[9] |
苗庆生, 2011. 南海台风浪场特征的计算与分析[D]. 青岛: 中国海洋大学.
|
[10] |
王月, 沈建伟, 龙江平, 2011. 海南岛三亚小东海珊瑚礁坪生态沉积分带和碳酸盐沉积作用[J]. 中国科学 D辑: 地球科学, 41(3):362-374.
|
[11] |
叶琳, 于福江, 吴玮, 2005. 我国海啸灾害及预警现状与建议[J]. 海洋预报, 22(S1):147-157.
|
[12] |
尹洪强, 梁书秀, 2014. 基于SWAN模式对台风海燕风浪的推算[J]. 中国水运, 14(6):105-107, 111 (in Chinese).
|
[13] |
|
[14] |
|
[15] |
|
[16] |
|
[17] |
|
[18] |
|
[19] |
|
[20] |
|
[21] |
|
[22] |
|
[23] |
|
[24] |
|
[25] |
|
[26] |
|
[27] |
|
[28] |
|
[29] |
|
[30] |
|
[31] |
|
[32] |
|
[33] |
|
[34] |
|
[35] |
|
[36] |
|
[37] |
|
[38] |
|
[39] |
|
[40] |
|
[41] |
|
[42] |
|
[43] |
|
[44] |
|
[45] |
|
[46] |
|
[47] |
|
[48] |
|
[49] |
|
[50] |
|
[51] |
|
[52] |
|
[53] |
|
[54] |
|
/
〈 | 〉 |