Journal of Tropical Oceanography >
Preliminary studies on the development characteristics of reef dolostones and the formation mechanism of iron dolomite in the Well Nanke 1, Nansha Islands*
Copy editor: YIN Bo
Received date: 2021-11-24
Revised date: 2022-01-14
Online published: 2022-01-20
Supported by
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFC3100600)
Key Special Project for Introduced Talents Team of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou)(GML2019ZD0206)
K. C. Wong Education Foundation(GJTD-2018-13)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41976063)
Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA13010102)
Carbonate platforms and biological reefs are widely developed in the South China Sea (SCS) since Cenozoic, and the dolomitization is a common phenomenon, which has led to a broad prospect for oil and gas exploration. In this study, the development characteristics and diagenetic environments of reef dolostones in the Well Nanke 1 from Meiji Island were investigated, mainly based on the petrographic observations, mineralogical analysis, major and minor elements analysis, carbon and oxygen isotopes analysis, and the geochemical analyses of Fe speciation and Fe isotope, etc. The results showed that the reef dolostones of the upper Miocene to Lower Pleistocene in the Well Nanke 1 were mainly formed in the near-surface environments, and the dissolved pores were ubiquitous, which were accompanied with obvious residual structures. Several exposed surfaces were found in the dolomite layers, but there was no existence of the gypsum layer. Meanwhile, the reef dolostones were characterized by relatively low concentrations of Sr, Fe and Mn, with the similar REE distribution pattern to that of modern seawater. The δ13C and δ18O values were mostly positive, but there was no correlation between them. It indicated that the dolomitization could largely attributed to the seepage-reflux of slightly evaporated seawater and the sea level fall related to the paleoclimate cooling. In addition, iron dolomite was found in several layers, mainly near the exposed surfaces in the Well Nanke 1. The results of Fe speciation and Fe isotopic composition showed that the iron of reef dolostones was mainly derived from the chemical precipitation from the seawater, and no significant additional sources (e.g., terrigenous or hydrothermal) were present in the diagenetic environments. In general, the iron dolomite was mainly formed in the shallow burial conditions with low temperature. The vital material sources of iron dolomite were mainly from the leaching and dissolution of bioskeletons, bioclasts and authigenic carbonate minerals by meteoric freshwater. As a product of reefs exposure, the positions where the iron dolomite prevalently developed in the core could be an indicator of low sea-level stages.
Key words: Well Nanke 1; reef dolostones; Fe isotope; iron dolomite; sea level changes
HAN Xue , XU Weihai , LUO Yun , LI Gang , LIU Jianguo , ZHU Xiaowei , CHENG Jun , MIAO Li , XIANG Rong , YAN Wen . Preliminary studies on the development characteristics of reef dolostones and the formation mechanism of iron dolomite in the Well Nanke 1, Nansha Islands*[J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2022 , 41(5) : 74 -88 . DOI: 10.11978/2021165
图2 南科1井白云石和铁白云石X射线衍射特征a. 白云石单峰, 井深204.6m; b. 铁白云石单峰, 井深125.9m; c. 铁白云石和方解石双峰, 井深490.1m; d. 方解石单峰, 井深458.7m Fig. 2 X-ray diffraction patterns of the dolomite and iron dolomite in Well Nanke 1 |
图3 南科1井616.5m以浅生物礁岩芯的矿物组成、碳氧同位素和元素的分布a. 岩芯地层年代、岩性及暴露面分布; b. 矿物成分及含量。Arg表示文石, LMC表示低镁方解石, HMC表示高镁方解石, Dol表示白云石, Ank表示铁白云石; c. 碳氧同位素值; d. Fe2O3含量; e. Mn含量; f. Sr含量; g. 稀土元素总量。其中黄色区域为白云岩层中重要的暴露面和岩性转换面 Fig. 3 The mineral composition, carbon and oxygen isotope compositions and element distribution of the reef carbonates above 616.5 m in Well Nanke 1 |
图4 南科1井白云岩的显微岩相学特征a. 珊瑚骨架白云岩, 晶体沿骨架边缘生长, 井深162.9m, 单偏光; b. 砂糖状白云岩, 雾心亮边结构, 井深454.5m, 单偏光; c和d. 亮晶白云岩, 环带结构, 井深454.5m, 阴极发光; e和f. 铁白云石, 菱面体结构, Mg/Fe<4, 井深131.2m, 扫描电镜和能谱分析。e中红色十字代表进行能谱点分析的位置; f中右上角为e中能谱点分析的各元素相对含量结果 Fig. 4 The micro petrographic characteristics of reef dolostones in Well Nanke 1 |
图5 南科1井生物礁碳酸盐岩Fe组分及Fe同位素组成特征a. 岩芯地层年代、岩性及暴露面分布; b. 矿物成分及含量。Arg表示文石, LMC表示低镁方解石, HMC表示高镁方解石, Dol表示白云石, Ank表示铁白云石; c. 碳酸盐相(Fecarb)含量; d. 铁氧化物(Feox)含量; e. 铁同位素值, 虚线表示δ56Fe值为0; f. 高活性铁(FeHR)与总铁(FeT)的比值, 虚线表示FeHR/FeT比值为0.22; g. 总铁与Al的比值, 虚线表示FeT/Al比值为0.56。其中粉色区域为δ56Fe值发生负偏的白云岩层位, 红点代 Fig. 5 Fe speciation and Fe isotopic composition of reef carbonates in Well Nanke 1 |
图6 南科1井白云岩层中暴露面附近的岩石学特征a. 白云岩, 铁质浸染现象, 井深495.6m, 正交偏光; b. 珊瑚骨架白云岩, 次生孔隙发育, 井深141.0m, 正交偏光; c和d. 铁氧化物的扫描电镜和能谱分析, 疏松多孔, 可见明显的Fe和O元素峰, 井深447.6m。c中红色十字代表进行能谱点分析的位置; d中右上角为c中能谱点分析的各元素相对含量结果 Fig. 6 The petrological characteristics of exposed surfaces in the dolomite reservoir of Well Nanke 1 |
图7 南科1井白云岩的稀土元素配分模式(a)及碳、氧同位素相关性(b)图解图a中海底热液流体、陆源碎屑沉积物以及南海表层海水的稀土元素数据分别来自文献Alibo等(2000)、Wan等(2017)和Douville等(1999), 南科1井样品指的是用于Fe组分及Fe同位素分析的18个样品。图b中绿色圈和粉色圈分别表示灰岩和白云岩的碳氧同位素组成 Fig. 7 The distribution patten of rare earth elements and the correlation diagram of carbon and oxygen isotopes in the reef dolostones of Well Nanke 1 |
图8 南科1井生物礁碳酸盐岩δ56Fe值与Fe (a)、Mg/Ca (b)、Mn/Sr (c)及铁白云石含量(d)的相关性图解Fig. 8 The correlation diagrams of δ56Fe values in reef carbonates with Fe (a), Mg/Ca (b), Mn/Sr ratio (c) and iron dolomite content (d) from Well Nanke 1 |
图10 南科1井铁白云石分布特征及其对晚中新世以来海平面变化的响应a. 岩芯地层年代、岩性及暴露面分布; b. 方解石含量。LMC表示低镁方解石, HMC表示高镁方解石; c. 白云石含量。Dol表示白云石, Ank表示铁白云石; d. 南科1井相对海平面变化曲线。蓝色区域表示基于南科1井重建的海平面变化趋势; e. 全球海平面变化曲线。蓝色曲线为全球海平面变化曲线, 紫色曲线为10点移动平均后的全球海平面变化曲线, 数据来自Miller等(2005); f. 西科1井相对海平面变化曲线。蓝色区域表示基于西科1井重建的海平面变化趋势, 数据来源于Shao等(2017) Fig. 10 The distribution characteristics of iron dolomite in Well Nanke 1 and its responses to the sea level changes since late Miocene |
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