Journal of Tropical Oceanography >
Investigating the contents and sources of heavy metals in winter season in the Xisha waters of South China Sea*
Copy editor: YIN Bo
Received date: 2022-06-08
Revised date: 2022-09-06
Online published: 2022-09-14
Supported by
National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21A6001)
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFC0402604)
In order to investigate the contents and sources of heavy metals in the Xisha waters in the South China Sea, 24 seawater samples at six sites were collected in December of 2021. Vertical profiles of temperature, salinity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, colored soluble organic matter and chlorophyll were determined by Conductivity-Temperature-Depth instrument. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used to measure the contents of heavy metals in seawater samples, and the average Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Ni, Cr, As, Fe and Mn contents were 0.22~20.79 µg·L-1, n.d. (not detected) ~0.25 µg·L-1, 1.90~15.90 µg·L-1, 0.13~0.17 µg·L-1, 0.54~1.31 µg·L-1, 0.29~0.33 µg·L-1, 2.93~3.17 µg·L-1, 0.39~1.23 µg·L-1 and 0.35~1.14 µg·L-1, respectively; Hg was not detected. Only Cu or Zn contents in 5m-depth seawater at D2~D4 sites exceeded Class I requirement of National Seawater Quality Standard (GB 3097-1997), and the spatial distribution of heavy metals was influenced by terrestrial inputs, environmental factors and human activities. Principal component analysis indicated that the heavy metals in the Xisha waters are mainly from three sources: ship emission, terrestrial agricultural runoff, as well as terrestrial debris and industrial inputs. The measurements in this study are generally within the range of heavy metal contents previously reported in the South China Sea. However, compared with the background values of the South China Sea in 1998, the contents of Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd in surface seawater have increased by one order of magnitude, reflecting the impact of recent intense human activities in this region.
Key words: heavy metal; ship pollution; Xisha waters; source analysis
DONG Hanying , SU Juan , ZHOU Shengzhen , LIANG Shaoxia , CHEN Guanyu , WANG Fan . Investigating the contents and sources of heavy metals in winter season in the Xisha waters of South China Sea*[J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2023 , 42(2) : 169 -177 . DOI: 10.11978/2022129
图1 西沙海域海水采样站位位置该图基于国家测绘地理信息局标准地图服务网站下载的审图号为GS(2019)1821的标准地图制作, 底图无修改。图中黑色实心圆为采样站位位置, 红色五角星从北至南分别为高栏港、龙湾港和潭门港 Fig. 1 Seawater sampling sites in the Xisha waters. This map is based on the standard map with the review number of GS(2019)1821 downloaded from the website of National Administration of Surveying, Mapping and Geoinformation of China. Black solid circles denote sampling stations, and red stars denote the Gaolan Port, Longwan Port and Tanmen Port from north to south |
表1 各站位海水重金属质量浓度及海水水质标准(GB 3097-1997)(单位: µg·L-1)Tab. 1 Heavy metal contents in the seawater from six sampling sites and National Seawater Quality Standard (GB 3097-1997) |
观测站位 | 采样深度/m | Cu | Pb | Zn | Cd | Ni | Cr | As | Hg | Fe | Mn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D1 | 20 | 0.24 | n.d. | 0.57 | 0.15 | 0.53 | 0.35 | 2.97 | n.d. | 0.63 | 0.50 |
50 | 0.23 | n.d. | 4.26 | 0.12 | 0.37 | 0.29 | 3.10 | n.d. | 0.94 | 0.33 | |
100 | 0.20 | n.d. | 1.29 | 0.14 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 3.11 | n.d. | 0.32 | 0.24 | |
200 | 0.20 | n.d. | 4.10 | 0.21 | 3.99 | 0.36 | 3.50 | n.d. | 0.55 | 0.31 | |
平均值 | 0.22 | n.d. | 2.55 | 0.16 | 1.31 | 0.33 | 3.17 | n.d. | 0.61 | 0.35 | |
D2 | 5 | 5.32 | 0.54 | 9.95 | 0.08 | 0.47 | 0.34 | 2.81 | n.d. | 1.53 | 0.79 |
50 | 0.31 | n.d. | 2.13 | 0.13 | 0.38 | 0.28 | 2.84 | n.d. | 0.38 | 0.32 | |
100 | 0.24 | n.d. | 1.19 | 0.14 | 0.31 | 0.30 | 3.07 | n.d. | 0.29 | 0.21 | |
200 | 0.25 | 0.03 | 1.25 | 0.24 | 3.28 | 0.33 | 3.61 | n.d. | 0.64 | 0.40 | |
平均值 | 1.53 | 0.14 | 3.63 | 0.15 | 1.11 | 0.31 | 3.08 | n.d. | 0.71 | 0.43 | |
D3 | 5 | 82.35 | 0.98 | 59.61 | 0.14 | 2.88 | 0.34 | 2.77 | n.d. | 1.22 | 1.06 |
50 | 0.32 | n.d. | 1.69 | 0.14 | 0.31 | 0.27 | 2.72 | n.d. | 0.26 | 0.28 | |
100 | 0.23 | n.d. | 0.85 | 0.15 | 0.29 | 0.27 | 3.05 | n.d. | 0.21 | 0.29 | |
200 | 0.25 | n.d. | 1.45 | 0.23 | 1.72 | 0.27 | 3.74 | n.d. | 0.44 | 0.56 | |
平均值 | 20.79 | 0.25 | 15.90 | 0.16 | 1.30 | 0.29 | 3.07 | n.d. | 0.53 | 0.55 | |
D4 | 5 | 19.49 | 0.26 | 28.97 | 0.14 | 1.12 | 0.44 | 2.67 | n.d. | 4.19 | 3.44 |
50 | 0.26 | n.d. | 0.70 | 0.16 | 0.29 | 0.26 | 2.71 | n.d. | 0.10 | 0.36 | |
100 | 0.21 | n.d. | 0.68 | 0.13 | 0.25 | 0.29 | 2.89 | n.d. | 0.21 | 0.30 | |
200 | 0.30 | n.d. | 1.09 | 0.24 | 1.54 | 0.34 | 3.47 | n.d. | 0.42 | 0.46 | |
平均值 | 5.06 | 0.07 | 7.86 | 0.17 | 0.80 | 0.33 | 2.93 | n.d. | 1.23 | 1.14 | |
D5 | 5 | 3.27 | 0.09 | 4.50 | 0.07 | 0.33 | 0.39 | 2.59 | n.d. | 0.90 | 0.49 |
50 | 0.22 | n.d. | 1.29 | 0.10 | 0.28 | 0.25 | 2.69 | n.d. | 0.20 | 0.36 | |
100 | 0.25 | n.d. | 1.00 | 0.12 | 0.37 | 0.34 | 3.19 | n.d. | 0.36 | 0.34 | |
200 | 0.27 | n.d. | 1.37 | 0.23 | 1.20 | 0.29 | 3.95 | n.d. | 0.33 | 0.34 | |
平均值 | 1.01 | 0.02 | 2.04 | 0.13 | 0.54 | 0.31 | 3.11 | n.d. | 0.45 | 0.38 | |
D6 | 5 | 2.12 | 0.03 | 4.22 | 0.10 | 2.76 | 0.34 | 2.83 | n.d. | 0.79 | 0.86 |
50 | 0.27 | n.d. | 1.00 | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.25 | 2.68 | n.d. | 0.17 | 0.37 | |
100 | 0.22 | n.d. | 0.96 | 0.12 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 2.98 | n.d. | 0.26 | 0.25 | |
200 | 0.21 | n.d. | 1.40 | 0.24 | 0.91 | 0.30 | 3.57 | n.d. | 0.35 | 0.45 | |
平均值 | 0.71 | 0.01 | 1.90 | 0.14 | 1.07 | 0.30 | 3.02 | n.d. | 0.39 | 0.48 | |
海水水质标准 (GB 3097-1997) | 一类 | 5 | 1 | 20 | 1 | 5 | 50 | 20 | 0.05 | n.a. | n.a. |
二类 | 10 | 5 | 50 | 5 | 10 | 100 | 30 | 0.20 | n.a. | n.a. | |
三类 | 50 | 10 | 100 | 10 | 20 | 200 | 50 | 0.20 | n.a. | n.a. | |
四类 | 50 | 50 | 500 | 10 | 50 | 500 | 50 | 0.50 | n.a. | n.a. |
注: n.d.表示未检出; n.a.表示未报道 |
表2 各站位海水环境因子参数Tab. 2 Environmental factors of seawater at the six sampling sites |
观测站位 | 采样深度/m | 水温/℃ | 盐度/‰ | 浊度/NTU | 溶解氧/ (mg·L-1) | 有色可溶性有机质 质量浓度/(μg·L-1) | 叶绿素质量浓度/(µg·L-1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D1 | 20 | 25.72 | 33.75 | 0.061 | 6.47 | 222.88 | 0.355 |
50 | 25.72 | 33.77 | 0.067 | 6.46 | 170.02 | 0.330 | |
100 | 23.58 | 34.30 | 0.060 | 5.62 | 80.98 | 0.209 | |
200 | 15.76 | 34.60 | 0.041 | 4.69 | 9.23 | 0.048 | |
平均值 | 22.70 | 34.11 | 0.057 | 5.81 | 120.78 | 0.236 | |
D2 | 5 | 25.95 | 33.66 | 0.067 | 9.38 | 161.99 | 0.295 |
50 | 25.92 | 33.66 | 0.067 | 6.53 | 74.79 | 0.331 | |
100 | 22.95 | 34.37 | 0.054 | 5.45 | 9.23 | 0.197 | |
200 | 14.50 | 34.55 | 0.048 | 4.58 | 9.23 | 0.053 | |
平均值 | 22.33 | 34.06 | 0.059 | 6.49 | 63.81 | 0.219 | |
D3 | 5 | 25.95 | 33.86 | 0.067 | 6.52 | 9.23 | 0.417 |
50 | 25.71 | 33.86 | 0.077 | 6.53 | 9.23 | 0.429 | |
100 | 22.31 | 34.40 | 0.061 | 5.15 | 9.22 | 0.247 | |
200 | 15.75 | 34.59 | 0.048 | 4.59 | 9.23 | 0.054 | |
平均值 | 22.43 | 34.18 | 0.063 | 5.70 | 9.23 | 0.286 | |
D4 | 5m | 25.77 | 33.78 | 0.067 | 6.53 | 191.11 | 0.208 |
50m | 25.77 | 33.80 | 0.073 | 6.53 | 104.82 | 0.258 | |
100m | 24.11 | 34.26 | 0.062 | 5.85 | 16.24 | 0.236 | |
200m | 15.41 | 34.58 | 0.054 | 4.24 | 9.23 | 0.052 | |
平均值 | 22.76 | 34.11 | 0.064 | 5.79 | 80.34 | 0.189 | |
D5 | 5m | 25.31 | 33.97 | 0.077 | 6.66 | 286.25 | 0.164 |
50m | 25.27 | 33.97 | 0.072 | 6.61 | 186.06 | 0.367 | |
100m | 25.27 | 33.98 | 0.083 | 6.57 | 104.54 | 0.355 | |
200m | 15.65 | 34.58 | 0.042 | 3.94 | 9.22 | 0.053 | |
平均值 | 22.78 | 34.12 | 0.069 | 5.95 | 146.52 | 0.235 | |
D6 | 5m | 26.32 | 33.59 | 0.061 | 4.24 | 108.22 | 0.139 |
50m | 26.01 | 33.65 | 0.077 | 6.39 | 9.20 | 0.439 | |
100m | 19.94 | 34.56 | 0.060 | 4.49 | 9.23 | 0.184 | |
200m | 14.12 | 34.53 | 0.042 | 4.17 | 9.23 | 0.052 | |
平均值 | 21.60 | 34.08 | 0.060 | 4.82 | 33.96 | 0.204 |
表3 各重金属的主成分载荷值Tab. 3 Loads of principle components for each heavy metal |
重金属 | 成分 | ||
---|---|---|---|
第一主成分(F1) | 第二主成分(F2) | 第三主成分(F3) | |
Cu | 0.820 | 0.100 | -0.535 |
Pb | 0.843 | 0.005 | -0.451 |
Zn | 0.922 | 0.083 | -0.347 |
Cd | -0.232 | 0.906 | 0.030 |
Ni | 0.333 | 0.767 | -0.098 |
Cr | 0.674 | 0.176 | 0.520 |
As | -0.366 | 0.869 | 0.053 |
Fe | 0.811 | -0.014 | 0.540 |
Mn | 0.791 | 0.004 | 0.517 |
表4 本研究与南海海域已有海水重金属质量浓度(单位: µg·L-1)研究的比较Tab. 4 Comparison with previous studies on the seawater heavy metal in South China Sea |
研究海域 | 海水 层位 | 采样 时间 | Cu | Pb | Zn | Cd | Ni | Cr | As | Hg | Fe | Mn | 参考文献 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
南海海域背景值 | 表层<10m | 1998年6月和 11月 | 0.014~0.41 | 0.006~0.27 | 0.013~0.35 | 0.001~0.072 | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | 于涛(2003) |
西沙海域 | 表层5m | 2004年 | 0.87~4.33 | 0.79~3.89 | 0.41~1.44 | 0.01~1.00 | 2.09~8.46 | 0.05~0.23 | n.d.~0.02 | 0.20~1.50 | 0.67~0.99 | 周静等(2007) | |
南海中南部海域 | 0m、200m、500m | 2010年秋季 | 0.244~2.61 | 0.026~10.2 | 1.00~139 | 0.037~ 0.909 | n.a. | 0.314~0.908 | 0.032~3.46 | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | 李景喜等(2013) |
北部湾和三亚湾 珊瑚生长区 | 表层2~10m | 2015年8—10月 | 0.40~1.52 | 0.12~3.06 | 3.25~14.67 | n.d.~ 0.55 | n.a. | 0.58~1.24 | 0.51~1.93 | 0.013~0.14 | n.a. | n.a. | 杨华等(2017) |
中沙和西沙岛礁区 | 表层 | 2015年夏 | n.d.~4.119 | n.d.~4.904 | 0.284~6.976 | 0.005~0.138 | n.a. | n.d.~0.589 | 0.041~0.553 | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | 王璐等(2017) |
七连屿海域 | 表层 | 2017年8月 | 0.13~0.66 | 0.13~3.82 | 3.3~14.0 | 0.011~0.399 | n.a. | 0.7~1.4 | n.d.~ 1.7 | n.d.~0.029 | n.a. | n.a. | 贺仕昌等(2020) |
永兴岛海域 | 表层 | 2020年5月 | 0.40 | 0.36 | 3.1 | 0.04 | n.a. | 0.03 | 1.7 | 0.014 | n.a. | n.a. | 贺仕昌等(2021) |
西沙海域海水 | 5m或20m、50m、 100m、200m | 2021年12月 | 0.195~82.34 | n.d.~0.98 | 0.565~59.61 | 0.065~0.24 | 0.248~3.99 | 0.245~0.44 | 2.593~3.94 | n.d. | 0.098~4.19 | 0.21~3.44 | 本研究 |
注: n.d.表示未检出; n.a.表示未报道 |
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