Journal of Tropical Oceanography >
Distribution characteristics of plastic debris and microplastics on the beaches of Ganquan Island and Quanfu Island in Xisha Sea
Copy editor: YIN Bo
Received date: 2020-11-20
Request revised date: 2021-03-02
Online published: 2021-03-10
Supported by
Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA13010103)
Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA13020101)
Key Special Project for Introduced Talents Team of Southern Marine Science and Engineering, Guangdong Laboratory(Guangzhou)(GML2019ZD0404)
Key Special Project for Introduced Talents Team of Southern Marine Science and Engineering, Guangdong Laboratory(Guangzhou)(GML2019ZD0206)
Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences(ISEE2019ZR03)
Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences(ISEE2018PY01)
Copyright
Plastic pollution is ubiquitous on beaches throughout the world, which has become a threat to marine environment. However, plastic pollution in remote arears has been rarely reported. This study investigates the pollution and distribution of plastic waste on Ganquan Island and Quanfu Island in the Xisha Sea. Results show that plastic debris and microplastics were widespread over these island beaches, although these islands are far from the lands and direct impacts of human activities. The average abundance and weight of plastic debris were (85.07±70.48) item∙m-2and (40.23±78.15) g∙m-2, respectively, whereas the average abundance of microplastics was (1774.75±1534.37) item∙m-2or (100.82±87.18) item∙kg-1. The abundance of plastic debris or microplastics was not statistically different between Ganquan Island and Quanfu Island, but plastic debris and microplastics along the inner atoll were more than those around the outer atoll of the islands. There was a significant linear correlation in the abundances of microplastics and plastic debris. Infrared spectroscopy analysis shows that the main polymer components including polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene, etc., especially polystyrene foam that had a higher number in the samples. Plastic debris and microplastics in the uninhabited islands of Xisha might have been transported from other areas, and their spatial distributions around the islands had been affected by multiple forces, such as ocean currents, hydrodynamic condition and plastic fragments.
Key words: microplastic; plastic debris; island; pollution; distribution
FANG Zhou , TAN Fei , YANG Hongqiang , XU Huilong , XU Xiangrong , LI Hengxiang . Distribution characteristics of plastic debris and microplastics on the beaches of Ganquan Island and Quanfu Island in Xisha Sea[J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2021 , 40(5) : 123 -133 . DOI: 10.11978/2020137
图1 采样站点图a. 南海区域图; b. 永乐环礁; c. 甘泉岛; d. 全富岛。图中蓝色五角星表示位于环礁外侧的站点, 红色三角形表示位于环礁内侧的站点。图a依据审图号GS(2016) 2937底图制作, 图b~d根据google卫星遥感图像制作 Fig. 1 Map of the sampling stations, where blue star represents the site outside the atoll and red triangle represents the site inside the atoll. The left panel is from the base map of GS(2016) 2937, and the rest are from remote sensing images of Google Earth |
图2 甘泉岛(a)和全富岛(b)海滩不同站点的塑料丰度分布Fig. 2 Distributions of plastic abundance at different sites of Ganquan Island (a) and Quanfu Island (b). Based on Google remote sensing images |
图4 甘泉岛和全富岛海滩上塑料垃圾(a)和微塑料(b)的丰度分布图中棱形为异常值 Fig. 4 Abundance distributions of plastic debris (a) and microplastics (b) on the beaches of Ganquan Island and Quanfu Island |
图6 甘泉岛和全富岛塑料垃圾和微塑料的形状分布a. 甘泉岛塑料垃圾; b. 甘泉岛微塑料; c. 全富岛塑料垃圾; d. 全富岛微塑料 Fig. 6 Morphological distributions of plastic debris and microplastics in Ganquan Island and Quanfu Island. (a) Plastic debris in Ganquan Island; (b) microplastics in Ganquan Island; (c) plastic debris in Quanfu Island; and (d) microplastics in Quanfu Island |
图7 甘泉岛和全富岛塑料垃圾和微塑料的颜色分布a. 甘泉岛塑料垃圾; b. 甘泉岛微塑料; c. 全富岛塑料垃圾; d. 全富岛微塑料 Fig. 7 Color distributions of plastic debris and microplastics in Ganquan Island and Quanfu Island. (a) Plastic debris in Ganquan Island; (b) microplastics in Ganquan Island; (c) plastic debris in Quanfu Island; and (d) microplastics in Quanfu Island |
图8 甘泉岛和全富岛塑料垃圾和微塑料的组分分布a. 甘泉岛塑料垃圾; b. 甘泉岛微塑料; c. 全富岛塑料垃圾; d. 全富岛微塑料。PE为聚乙烯, PP为聚丙烯, PS为聚苯乙烯, PET为聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯 Fig. 8 Types of plastic waste and microplastics in Ganquan Island and Quanfu Island. (a) Plastic debris in Ganquan Island; (b) microplastics in Ganquan Island; (c) plastic debris in Quanfu Island; and (d) microplastics in Quanfu Island |
图10 甘泉岛和全富岛的典型塑料垃圾成分a. 聚苯乙烯泡沫; b. 聚丙烯碎片; c. 聚苯乙烯块状泡沫; d. 聚丙烯渔线; e. 聚乙烯薄膜; f. 聚乙烯碎片 Fig. 10 Typical plastic debris from Ganquan Island and Quanfu Island. (a) PS foam; (b) fragmented PP; (c) massive PS foam; (d) PP linear; (e) PE film; and (f) fragmented PE |
表1 本研究与其他研究的海滩微塑料数据比较Tab. 1 Comparison of beach microplastics in different studies |
调查区域 | 滤膜孔径/μm | 微塑料丰度 | 微塑料主要成分 | 微塑料主要形状 | 参考文献 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
中国香港沿岸 | 315 | 5595个∙m-2 | EPS | 泡沫、碎片 | Fok等(2015) |
马尔代夫 | 50 | 22.7个∙m-2 | PE、PP、PS | 碎片、泡沫 | Saliu等(2018) |
马尔代夫 | 0.2 | 1029个∙m-2 | PS、PE、PP | 泡沫、碎片、薄膜 | Imhof等(2017) |
秘鲁沿岸 | 1000 | 174.1个∙m-2 | PS | 泡沫、碎片 | De-la-Torre等(2020) |
韩国沿岸 | 1000 | 918.7个∙m-2 | PS | 泡沫、纤维 | Lee等(2015) |
危地马拉沿岸 | 1000 | 279个∙m-2 | PS、PP、PE | 泡沫、碎片 | Mazariegos-Ortíz等(2020) |
新西兰沿岸 | 300 | 459个∙m-2 | 纤维素、PE | 纤维、碎片、薄膜 | Bridson等(2020) |
西沙偏远海岛 | 20 | 1774.75个∙m-2 | PS、PE、PP | 泡沫、碎片、纤维 | 本研究 |
渤海沿岸 | 10 | 102.9~163.3个∙kg-1 | PEVA、LDPE、 PS | 碎片、薄片 | Yu等(2016) |
厦门湾沿岸 | / | 28.1~312. 7个∙kg-1 | PE、PS | 泡沫、碎片、纤维 | 刘启明等(2019) |
象山港沿岸 | 10 | 1739个∙kg-1 | PE泡沫、PE渔网 | 泡沫 | Chen等(2018) |
长江口沿岸 | 20 | 121个∙kg-1 | 尼龙、PE | 纤维 | Peng等(2017) |
加勒比海沿岸 | 0.45 | 261个∙kg-1 | / | 纤维 | Bosker等(2018) |
西沙偏远海岛 | 20 | 100.82个∙kg-1 | PS、PE、PP | 泡沫、碎片、纤维 | 本研究 |
注: PE为聚乙烯, PP为聚丙烯, PS为聚苯乙烯, PET为聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯, PEVA为聚乙烯—醋酸乙烯酯, LDPE为低密度聚乙烯, EPS为聚苯乙烯泡沫, / 表示缺乏相关数据 |
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