Journal of Tropical Oceanography >
Multi-linear regression of partial pressure of sea-surface carbon dioxide in the South China Sea and its mechanism
Copy editor: YAO Yantao
Received date: 2021-03-04
Revised date: 2021-04-08
Online published: 2021-04-29
Supported by
Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA13010404)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41806146)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41976024)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41830538)
Key Special Project for Introduced Talents Team of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou)(GML2019ZD0302)
Key Special Project for Introduced Talents Team of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou)(GML2019ZD0303)
“Guangdong TeZhi Plan” Local Innovation and Entrepreneurship Team(2019BT02H594)
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) refers to the content of CO2 gas at the sea surface when the CO2 exchange between the sea surface and atmosphere is in dynamic equilibrium, which is an important factor to calculate air-sea CO2 flux. Based on the observations of pCO2 covering most of the South China Sea (SCS) from 2008 to 2014, combined with in-situ observations of sea-surface temperature (SST), sea-surface salinity (SSS) and Modis-Aqua satellite observations of chlorophyll a (Chla), we construct a regional inversion of sea-surface pCO2 based on a multi-linear regression method. The root mean square error is estimated to be 5.3 μatm in the area with depth shallower than 30 m, and 10.8 μatm in the remaining sea area, which are consistent with previous results based on cruise observations. Using the equation acquired from our method and combining with the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) reanalysis SST and SSS data and MODIS-Aqua remote sensing Chla data, we obtained monthly sea-surface pCO2 of the SCS from 2004 to 2016 with spatial resolution of 5'×5'. The data can well reflect the seasonal variation of sea-surface pCO2 in the SCS under the influence of SST, which is high in spring and summer, and low in autumn and winter. These findings are similar to previous results based on cruise observations, indicating our method has rather high reliability. Further analysis shows the average sea-surface pCO2 of the SCS and adjacent sea areas has a significant quasi-decadal oscillation: a minimum value appeared around 2011, which first showed a decreasing trend and then an increasing trend. Due to the influence of sea-surface pCO2, the average air-sea CO2 flux in the SCS and adjacent areas decreased significantly before 2012, and changed into negative values during winter, then changed slowly since 2012. The variation of SSS in the SCS caused by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation is the main reason for the quasi-decadal oscillation of sea-surface pCO2 and air-sea CO2 fluxes. Our results indicate the variation of sea-surface pCO2 in the northern SCS is the most significant, which plays an important role in the seasonal and quasi-decadal oscillation of pCO2 in the whole area.
QIU Shuang , YE Haijun , ZHANG Yuhong , TANG Shilin . Multi-linear regression of partial pressure of sea-surface carbon dioxide in the South China Sea and its mechanism[J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2022 , 41(1) : 106 -116 . DOI: 10.11978/2021030
表1 2010—2014年国家基金委共享航次获得的南海海表层pCO2资料统计Tab. 1 Information of sea-surface pCO2 observations in the South China Sea |
年份 | 仪器 | 月份 | 原始数据量/组 |
---|---|---|---|
2008 | PMEL | 9、10、12 | 1634 |
2009 | PMEL | 1 | 223 |
2010 | GO-8050 | 9 | 5187 |
2011 | GO-8050 | 4、5 | 6445 |
2012 | GO-8050 | 10 | 2519 |
2013 | GO-8050 | 3、5 | 3246 |
2014 | GO-8050 | 4、5 | 8952 |
合计 | / | / | 28206 |
图2 多元线性回归pCO2结果与pCO2观测结果的比较a. 浅水区(水深≤30m); b. 深水区(水深>30m)。红色圆圈代表模型构建数据, 蓝色圆圈代表模型验证数据 Fig. 2 Comparison of multi-linear regression pCO2 results and in-situ pCO2 observations. (a) Water depth less than 30 m; (b) deeper than 30 m. The red circle represents the model construction, and the blue circle represents the model validation |
图4 南海海表pCO2(a)、海表温度(b)、海表盐度(c)和叶绿素a(d)的时间序列图a Time series of sea-surface pCO2 (a), SST (b), sea-surface salinity (c) and chlorophyll a (d). (a) and (c) are superposed with the Pacific Interdecadal Oscillation (IPO) index. The black line is the original data, the blue line is the low-frequency result (after applying a 7-year low-pass filter), and the brown line is the IPO index |
图6 南海及邻近海域的海-气CO2通量及海-气CO2分压差(a)、风速与海表温度(b)和大气pCO2(c)的准十年振荡Fig. 6 Quasi-decadal variabilities of air-sea CO2 flux and ΔpCO2 (a), wind speed and SST (b), and atmospheric pCO2 (c) in the South China Sea and adjacent waters. The red dotted line indicates the air-sea CO2 flux after applying a 7-year low-pass filter |
图7 南海海表pCO2气候态月平均和分区(a)以及各分区平均的pCO2时间序列(b)图a Sea-surface pCO2 climatology in five South China Sea sub domains. (a) climatological monthly average of pCO2 in the South China Sea with the 5 domains indicated by the area of black lines according to Li et al. (2020); (b) the average pCO2 time series of each domain |
*感谢HYCOM模式再分析资料提供海表温、盐数据,感谢OceanColor网站提供高分辨率叶绿素数据下载,感谢参与数据采集的人员和相关航次工作人员。
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