Journal of Tropical Oceanography >
Spatial-temporal variation of sea surface chlorophyll around islands and reefs in the South China Sea
Copy editor: LIN Qiang
Received date: 2018-12-10
Request revised date: 2019-05-07
Online published: 2019-11-26
Supported by
Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA13030304)
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFC1405402)
Key Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(KGZDEW60902)
Innovation Group Program of State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography (South China Sea Institute of Oceanology)(LTOZZ1701)
Copyright
There are many islands and reefs associated with abundant fishery resources in the South China Sea (SCS). Ecological variables such as chlorophyll in these regions were seldom studied. In this paper, merged ocean color data in recent ~20 years are used to analyze the spatial, seasonal and interannual variations of sea surface chlorophyll concentration (CHL) around 38 islands and reefs in the SCS. The results show that CHL is relatively high around these islands and reefs, which is generally reduced to the background level at five equivalent radii from the island center. The CHL anomaly (relative to the background CHL) is consistent with background CHL in terms of spatial distribution. They are relatively high in Xisha and Dongsha regions, and relatively low in Zhongsha and Nansha regions, mainly due to differences in temperatures and monsoon intensities. The CHL has significant seasonal and interannual variations. It rises during the winter monsoon and falls to a minimum before the summer monsoon onset. It declines in the following years of El Niño, when the SST increases and the monsoon weaken; and the opposite happens in the following years of La Niña. Moreover, the CHL anomaly increases in spring and autumn seasons when the coral reef community is growing vigorously in Xisha and Dongsha regions. It decreased significantly (P=5.05×10 -5) during the last 20 years, probably due to the increases in sea surface temperature and its amplitude. These findings provide useful information for the development and management of fishery resources in the SCS.
Key words: islands and reefs; chlorophyll; South China Sea; monsoons; sea surface temperature
CHEN Wuyang , LI Junmin , HE Qingyou , TANG Shilin , SHI Ping . Spatial-temporal variation of sea surface chlorophyll around islands and reefs in the South China Sea[J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2019 , 38(6) : 21 -28 . DOI: 10.11978/2018135
图1 南海及主要岛礁区域多年平均(1999—2017)海面叶绿素浓度分布Fig. 1 Multi-year (1999-2017) averages of sea surface chlorophyll concentrations (CHL) around islands and reefs in the South China Sea (SCS) |
图2 GlobColour多卫星融合海面叶绿素数据与南沙海区2015年12月实测数据的比较a. 卫星遥感海面叶绿素浓度(填色)、水下地形(等深线)与航次站位(三角形)分布; b. 现场观测浓度与卫星遥感数据的对应关系。遥感数据与实测数据相比, 均方根误差为0.021mg·m-3, 平均相对误差为16% Fig. 2 Comparison between GlobColour and in-situ CHL data measured in Nansha region in December 2015. a) Spatial distributions of GlobColour CHL concentration (color), topography (contour) and cruise stations (triangle); b) in-situ data vs remote sensing data, with root mean squared error of 0.021 mg·m-3 and mean relative error of 16% |
表1 本文用于分析的南海岛礁列表Tab. 1 Islands and reefs analyzed in this paper |
海区 | 岛礁 | 经度 | 纬度 | R/km |
---|---|---|---|---|
东沙群岛 | 北卫滩 | 115°58′E | 21°04′N | 2.1 |
南卫滩 | 115°55′E | 20°58′N | 2.3 | |
东沙环礁 | 116°49′E | 20°40′N | 11.6 | |
西沙群岛 | 华光礁 | 111°40′E | 16°13′N | 12.9 |
中建岛 | 111°12′E | 15°46′N | 2.1 | |
永兴岛 | 112°20′E | 16°50′N | 2.3 | |
银砾滩 | 112°14′E | 16°46′N | 2.2 | |
玉琢礁 | 112°01′E | 16°20′N | 7.3 | |
浪花礁 | 112°31′E | 16°03′N | 8.2 | |
东岛 | 112°44′E | 16°40′N | 2.0 | |
金银岛 | 111°31′E | 16°27′N | 2.9 | |
中沙群岛 | 华夏暗沙 | 113°58′E | 15°52′N | 3.2 |
排洪滩 | 113°42′E | 15°37′N | 2.4 | |
中南暗沙 | 115°24′E | 13°57′N | 3.3 | |
黄岩岛 | 117°46′E | 15°09′N | 8.2 | |
南沙群岛 | 雄南礁 | 116°46′E | 11°55′N | 2.1 |
双子礁 | 114°21′E | 11°25′N | 5.9 | |
铁峙礁 | 114°14′E | 11°03′N | 5.4 | |
渚碧礁 | 114°05′E | 10°55′N | 2.8 | |
库归礁 | 114°35′E | 10°45′N | 4.3 | |
杨信沙洲 | 114°32′E | 10°42′N | 6.0 | |
舶兰礁 | 114°35′E | 10°24′N | 4.7 | |
安达礁 | 114°42′E | 10°21′N | 5.6 | |
牛轭礁 | 114°39′E | 09°59′N | 3.6 | |
主权礁 | 114°34′E | 09°58′N | 2.3 | |
华礁 | 114°18′E | 09°50′N | 4.2 | |
屈原礁 | 114°22′E | 09°47′N | 5.6 | |
和平暗沙 | 115°54′E | 10°53′N | 4.2 | |
海马滩 | 117°47′E | 10°50′N | 7.0 | |
东华礁 | 116°55′E | 10°32′N | 2.1 | |
莪兰暗沙 | 117°16′E | 10°19′N | 4.2 | |
半路礁 | 116°08′E | 10°07′N | 2.0 | |
美济礁 | 115°32′E | 09°54′N | 4.6 | |
仁爱礁 | 115°52′E | 09°44′N | 3.3 | |
浪口礁 | 114°40′E | 08°07′N | 16.1 | |
金盾暗沙 | 111°32′E | 07°35′N | 4.3 | |
福禄寺礁 | 113°38′E | 10°14′N | 2.2 | |
万安滩 | 109°31′E | 07°30′N | 5.3 |
图4 南海(a、f)及东沙(b、g)、西沙(c、h)、中沙(e、i)和南沙(e、j)海区主要岛礁周边海域多年(1999—2017)平均海面叶绿素浓度(a—e)和叶绿素浓度异常(f—j)的合成分布Fig. 4 Composite averages (1999-2017) of (top) CHL and (bottom) CHL anomaly around typical islands and reefs in the whole SCS (a, f), Dongsha (b, g), Xisha (c, j), Zhongsha(d, i), and Nansha (e, j) |
图7 南海主要岛礁多年(1999—2017)月平均海面叶绿素浓度背景值(7~9R)(a)、岛礁邻近区(1~3R)叶绿素浓度异常值(b)和叶绿素总浓度值(c)的年周期变化Fig. 7 Multi-year (1999-2017) monthly averages of background (7~9R) CHL of typical islands and reefs in the SCS (a), CHL anomaly (b), and total CHL (=a + b) in the adjacent island and reef areas (1~3R) (c) |
图8 1999—2017年间Nino 3.4指数和南海主要岛礁(7~9R)海面叶绿素浓度背景值(a)以及岛礁邻近区(1~3R)海面叶绿素浓度异常值和总浓度值的变化曲线(b)a中高于虚线温度区间的数值代表El Niño事件(红色箭头), 低于该区间的为La Niña事件(蓝色箭头) Fig. 8 Multi-year (1999-2017) Nino 3.4 index and annual averages of background (7~9R) CHL of typical islands and reefs in the SCS (a), CHL anomaly, and total CHL (= a+b) in adjacent reef areas (1~3R) (b) |
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