南海北部珊瑚群落结构特征及其对海洋热浪事件的响应

doi:10.11978/2023118

热带海洋学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (3): 58-71.doi: 10.11978/2023118CSTR: 32234.14.2023118

南海北部珊瑚群落结构特征及其对海洋热浪事件的响应

许莉佳¹(), 廖芝衡², 陈辉³, 王永智¹(), 黄柏强¹, 林巧云¹, 甘健锋¹, 杨静¹

1.生态环境部华南环境科学研究所, 广东广州 510535
2.北部湾环境演变与资源利用教育部重点实验室(南宁师范大学), 广西南宁 530001
3.广东省环境科学研究院, 广东广州 510045

收稿日期:2023-08-13 修回日期:2023-10-20 出版日期:2024-05-10 发布日期:2024-06-04
作者简介:
许莉佳(1987—), 女, 高级工程师, 主要从事珊瑚礁生态与环境保护研究。email: xulijia@scies.org
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(42277362); 国家自然科学基金项目(41806139); 广州市科技计划项目(202002030345); 中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务专项(PM-zx703-202105-176); 中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务专项(PM-zx703-202004-143)

Community structure of scleractinian corals in the northern South China Sea and their responses to the marine heatwaves

XU Lijia¹(), LIAO Zhiheng², CHEN Hui³, WANG Yongzhi¹(), HUANG Baiqiang¹, LIN Qiaoyun¹, GAN Jianfeng¹, YANG Jing¹

1. South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510535, China
2. Key Laboratory of Environment Change and Resources Use in Beibu Gulf (Nanning Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanning 530001, China
3. Guangdong Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Guangzhou 510045, China

Received:2023-08-13 Revised:2023-10-20 Online:2024-05-10 Published:2024-06-04
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42277362); National Natural Science Foundation of China(41806139); Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangzhou City(202002030345); Central Public-Interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(PM-zx703-202105-176); Central Public-Interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(PM-zx703-202004-143)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

全球变暖背景下, 造礁石珊瑚大规模白化的频度和强度日益加大, 其生存也面临严峻的危机。南海北部海域被认为是气候变暖背景下我国造礁石珊瑚生存的避难所。综合分析该海域珊瑚群落的空间格局、历史演变及其对夏季高温的响应, 有利于深入认识我国造礁石珊瑚的适应性及相应的保护与养护。本研究于2020年夏季对大亚湾、涠洲岛、徐闻和三亚鹿回头的珊瑚礁/珊瑚群落开展了较为全面的生态调查, 并追踪了2020年海洋热浪的效应。结果显示, 珊瑚群落的优势种组成、物种数量和α多样性指数呈现明显的区域差异, 活珊瑚覆盖度在三亚鹿回头和大亚湾相对更高(分别为37.78%和17.97%); 珊瑚白化率和白化死亡率在徐闻海域最高(84.78%和10.68%), 其次是涠洲岛海域(65.52%和0.70%), 大亚湾和三亚鹿回头海域均未监测到珊瑚白化。结合历史数据分析表明, 南海北部海域珊瑚群落的活珊瑚覆盖度自1980年代以来发生大幅度下降, 但近年来趋于稳定并呈现出恢复的态势; 珊瑚群落结构演变上整体呈现出热耐受型物种和热中度适应型物种占比增加(大亚湾除外)的趋势。总体而言, 目前南海北部海域的珊瑚群落对海洋热浪具有一定的抵抗能力, 加强珊瑚礁区的保护和管理对于促进珊瑚群落的恢复和热敏感珊瑚物种避难所潜力的发挥至关重要。

关键词: 珊瑚礁, 珊瑚, 物种多样性, 珊瑚白化, 南海北部

Abstract:

Coral communities in the northern South China Sea (SCS), which have the potential to act as regions of refugia for many coral species in the face of global warming. However, the temporal and spatial diversities of coral communities in the northern SCS and the effects of coral bleaching caused by marine heat waves are still unclear. In this study, the status of coral communities across the northern SCS, including the Daya Bay, the Weizhou Island, the Xuwen and Luhuitou fringing reefs, and the space differences are studied on the basis of ecological materials in the field investigations during August 2020, and its response to marine heatwaves. Our results indicate that coral communities across the northern SCS show remarkable regional characteristics. The dominant species composition, species number and α diversity index of coral communities are subject to significant regional differences, and the live coral cover is higher in the Luhuitou and Daya Bay (37.78% and 17.97%, respectively). Thus, the coral communities in Xuwen and Weizhou were subject to mass coral bleaching events during the field investigation, and the coral bleaching rate and mortality rate was 84.78% and 10.68%, 65.52% and 0.70% in Xuwen and the Weizhou Island, respectively, while no coral bleaching occurred in the Daya Bay and Luhuitou. Based on historical data analysis, although the live coral cover of coral communities in the northern SCS has dropped significantly since 1980s, there has been a recovery trend in recent years; the proportion of heat bleaching tolerant genera and heat bleaching resistant genera increased in the coral communities of the Weizhou Island, Xuwen and Luhuitou. In general, the coral community in the northern SCS has a strong resistance to heat bleaching. Strengthening the conservation and management of coral reef areas is crucial for the restoration and refuge of coral communities in the northern SCS under global warming.

Key words: coral reef, scleractinian coral, species diversity, coral bleaching, northern South China Sea

许莉佳, 廖芝衡, 陈辉, 王永智, 黄柏强, 林巧云, 甘健锋, 杨静. 南海北部珊瑚群落结构特征及其对海洋热浪事件的响应[J]. 热带海洋学报, 2024, 43(3): 58-71.

XU Lijia, LIAO Zhiheng, CHEN Hui, WANG Yongzhi, HUANG Baiqiang, LIN Qiaoyun, GAN Jianfeng, YANG Jing. Community structure of scleractinian corals in the northern South China Sea and their responses to the marine heatwaves[J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2024, 43(3): 58-71.

图/表 10

图1

附表1

南海北部沿岸海域造礁石珊瑚种类(2020年)"

类群	科	属	物种	珊瑚礁区				耐热性类型
类群	科	属	物种	大亚湾	涠洲岛	徐闻	鹿回头	耐热性类型
复杂类群	鹿角珊瑚科 Acroporidae	鹿角珊瑚属 Acropora	粗野鹿角珊瑚Acropora humilis	+			+	热敏感型
			风信子鹿角珊瑚 Acropora hyacinthus				+	热敏感型
			彰显鹿角珊瑚Acropora insignis				+	热敏感型
			美丽鹿角珊瑚Acropora muricata				+	热敏感型
			多孔鹿角珊瑚Acropora millepora				+	热敏感型
			霜鹿角珊瑚Acropora pruinosa	+	+			热敏感型
			单独鹿角珊瑚Acropora solitaryensis	+				热敏感型
			柔枝鹿角珊瑚Acropora tenuis				+	热敏感型
			强壮鹿角珊瑚Acropora valida				+	热敏感型
		蔷薇珊瑚属 Montipora	繁锦蔷薇珊瑚 Montipora efflorescens		+		+	热敏感型
			贺氏蔷薇珊瑚 Montipora hoffmeisteri				+	热敏感型
			变形蔷薇珊瑚 Montipora informis				+	热敏感型
			翼形蔷薇珊瑚 Montipora peltiformis	+				热敏感型
			截顶蔷薇珊瑚 Montipora truncata				+	热敏感型
			膨胀蔷薇珊瑚 Montipora turgescens		+		+	热敏感型
	滨珊瑚科 Poritidae	滨珊瑚属 Porites	扁枝滨珊瑚Porites andrewsi				+	热耐受型
			疣滨珊瑚Porites annae	+				热耐受型
			扁缩滨珊瑚Porites compressa				+	热耐受型
			地衣滨珊瑚Porites lichen	+	+	+	+	热耐受型
			澄黄滨珊瑚Porites lutea	+	+		+	热耐受型
		角孔珊瑚属 Goniopora	柱角孔珊瑚Goniopora columna		+	+		热中度适应型
			大角孔珊瑚Goniopora djiboutiensis			+	+	热中度适应型
			扁平角孔珊瑚 Goniopora planulata			+	+	热中度适应型
			细角孔珊瑚Goniopora gracilis			+		热中度适应型
			诺福克角孔Goniopora norfolkensis	+		+		热中度适应型
		伯孔珊瑚属 Bernardpora	斯氏伯孔珊瑚 Bernardpora stutchburyi	+	+	+	+	热中度适应型
	菌珊瑚科 Agariciidae	牡丹珊瑚属 Pavona	十字牡丹珊瑚Pavona decussata	+	+		+	热耐受型
	菌珊瑚科 Agariciidae	牡丹珊瑚属 Pavona	叶形牡丹珊瑚Pavona frondifera		+		+	热耐受型
	真叶珊瑚科 Euphylliidae	盔形珊瑚属 Galaxea	稀杯盔形珊瑚Galaxea astreata		+			热耐受型
	真叶珊瑚科 Euphylliidae	盔形珊瑚属 Galaxea	丛生盔形珊瑚Galaxea fascicularis	+	+	+	+	热耐受型
	木珊瑚科 Dendrophylliidae	陀螺珊瑚属 Turbinaria	盾形陀螺珊瑚 Turbinaria peltata	+		+	+	热耐受型
坚实类群	杯形珊瑚科 Pocilloporidae	杯形珊瑚属 Pocillopora	鹿角杯形珊瑚 Pocillopora damicornis				+	热敏感型
	杯形珊瑚科 Pocilloporidae	杯形珊瑚属 Pocillopora	疣状杯形珊瑚 Pocillopora verrucosa				+	热敏感型
	沙珊瑚科 Psammocoridae	沙珊瑚属 Psammocora	深室沙珊瑚 Psammocora profundacella		+	+		热耐受型
	叶状珊瑚科 Lobophylliidae	棘星珊瑚属 Acanthastrea	棘星珊瑚Acanthastrea echinata		+			热耐受型
		刺叶珊瑚属 Echinophyllia	粗糙刺叶珊瑚 Echinophyllia aspera		+			热耐受型
		叶状珊瑚属 Lobophyllia	菌形叶状珊瑚 Lobophyllia agaricia				+	热中度适应型
		叶状珊瑚属 Lobophyllia	赫氏叶状珊瑚 Lobophyllia hemprichii				+	热中度适应型
	裸肋珊瑚科 Merulinidae	刺孔珊瑚属 Echinopora	宝石刺孔珊瑚 Echinopora gemmacea		+			热耐受型
		刺孔珊瑚属 Echinopora	薄片刺孔珊瑚 Echinopora lamellosa		+			热耐受型
		刺星珊瑚属 Cyphastrea	锯齿刺星珊瑚 Cyphastrea serailia	+	+	+	+	热耐受型
		菊花珊瑚属 Goniastrea	梳状菊花珊瑚 Goniastrea pectinata				+	热中度适应型
		菊花珊瑚属 Goniastrea	网状菊花珊瑚 Goniastrea retiformis		+	+	+	热中度适应型
		裸肋珊瑚属 Merulina	阔裸肋珊瑚Merulina ampliata			+		热中度适应型
		刺柄珊瑚属 Hydnophora	腐蚀刺柄珊瑚 Hydnophora exesa	+	+		+	热耐受型
		腔星珊瑚属 Coelastrea	粗糙腔星珊瑚 Coelastrea aspera		+	+	+	热中度适应型
		盘星珊瑚属 Dipsastraea	黄癣盘星珊瑚 Dipsastraea favus	+				热中度适应型
			蜥岛盘星珊瑚 Dipsastraea lizardensis	+				热中度适应型
			罗图马盘星珊瑚 Dipsastraea rotumana	+	+	+	+	热中度适应型
			标准盘星珊瑚 Dipsastraea speciosa	+	+	+	+	热中度适应型
			美龙氏盘星珊瑚 Dipsastraea veroni	+		+	+	热中度适应型
		肠珊瑚属 Leptoria	弗利吉亚肠珊瑚 Leptoria phrygia				+	热中度适应型
		扁脑珊瑚属 Platygyra	肉质扁脑珊瑚 Platygyra carnosa	+	+	+		热中度适应型
			交替扁脑珊瑚 Platygyra crosslandi		+	+	+	热中度适应型
			精巧扁脑珊瑚 Platygyra daedalea	+	+	+	+	热中度适应型
			中华扁脑珊瑚 Platygyra sinensis	+	+	+	+	热中度适应型
		角蜂巢珊瑚 Favites	秘密角蜂巢珊瑚 Favites abdita	+	+	+	+	热中度适应型
			板叶角蜂巢珊瑚 Favites complanata	+	+			热中度适应型
			多弯角蜂巢珊瑚 Favites flexuosa	+	+			热中度适应型
			海孔角蜂巢珊瑚 Favites halicora	+	+			热中度适应型
			五边角蜂巢珊瑚 Favites pentagona	+	+	+	+	热中度适应型
	同星珊瑚科 Plesiastreidae	同星珊瑚属 Plesiastrea	多孔同星珊瑚 Plesiastrea versipora	+		+		热中度适应型
	双星珊瑚科 Diploastraeidae	双星珊瑚属 Diploastrea	同双星珊瑚Diploastrea heliopora				+	热耐受型
未定类群		小星珊瑚属 Leptastrea	紫小星珊瑚Leptastrea purpurea	+	+	+	+	热耐受型
未定类群		小星珊瑚属 Leptastrea	横小星珊瑚Leptastrea transversa			+		热耐受型

附表1

表1

图2

图3

表2

图4

图5

图6

图7

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珊瑚礁区	SST/℃	盐度/‰	pH	溶解氧含量/(mg·L^-1)	叶绿素a含量/(μg·L^-1)	无机氮含量/(μmol·L^-1)	无机磷含量/(μmol·L^-1)
大亚湾	28.9±0.3	33.5±0.2	8.08±0.12	7.71±0.62	0.64±0.12	1.25±0.31	0.05±0.01
涠洲岛	31.3±0.4	32.0±0.1	8.14±0.09	6.97±0.56	1.65±0.16	4.74±0.64	0.18±0.02
徐闻	31.5±0.5	33.1±0.1	8.14±0.11	7.20±0.48	5.78±0.45	8.96±0.28	0.36±0.05
三亚鹿回头	30.1±0.2	33.4±0.2	8.15±0.14	6.87±0.63	1.09±0.05	9.91±1.52	0.05±0.01

南海北部珊瑚群落结构特征及其对海洋热浪事件的响应

Community structure of scleractinian corals in the northern South China Sea and their responses to the marine heatwaves

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珊瑚礁区	造礁石珊瑚优势种		重要值百分比/%	覆盖度/%	白化率/%	耐热性类型
大亚湾珊瑚栖息地	澄黄滨珊瑚	Porites lutea	15.4	3.55	0	热耐受型
	锯齿刺星珊瑚	Cyphastrea serailia	11.0	1.94	0	热耐受型
	翼形蔷薇珊瑚	Montipora peltiformis	9.6	3.15	0	热敏感型
	疣滨珊瑚	Porites annae	6.6	1.74	0	热耐受型
	单独鹿角珊瑚	Acropora solitaryensis	6.2	1.95	0	热敏感型
	罗图马盘星珊瑚	Dipsastraea rotumana	6.0	0.86	0	热中度适应型
涠洲岛珊瑚礁	十字牡丹珊瑚	Pavona decussata	15.9	3.93	19.08	热耐受型
	澄黄滨珊瑚	Porites lutea	15.8	4.22	74.64	热耐受型
	薄片刺孔珊瑚	Echinopora lamellosa	13.0	4.39	21.64	热耐受型
	秘密角蜂巢珊瑚	Favites abdita	5.8	0.59	89.83	热中度适应型
徐闻珊瑚礁	柱角孔珊瑚	Goniopora columna	13.7	2.94	95.24	热中度适应型
	斯氏伯孔珊瑚	Bernardpora stutchburyi	13.5	1.96	98.47	热中度适应型
	盾形陀螺珊瑚	Turbinaria peltata	10.2	1.65	84.85	热耐受型
	澄黄滨珊瑚	Porites lutea	8.4	1.15	93.04	热耐受型
	深室沙珊瑚	Psammocora profundacella	6.2	1.66	91.57	热耐受型
三亚鹿回头珊瑚礁	澄黄滨珊瑚	Porites lutea	16.6	8.88	0	热耐受型
	丛生盔形珊瑚	Galaxea fascicularis	7.8	3.23	0	热耐受型
	斯氏伯孔珊瑚	Bernardpora stutchburyi	7.3	3.23	0	热中度适应型
	繁锦蔷薇珊瑚	Montipora efflorescens	7.2	4.11	0	热敏感型
	膨胀蔷薇珊瑚	Montipora turgescens	5.5	2.37	0	热敏感型
	鹿角杯形珊瑚	Pocillopora damicornis	5.2	1.55	0	热敏感型

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