海南岛岸礁澄黄滨珊瑚(Porites lutea)集合种群的遗传结构和连通性

doi:10.11978/2022098

Abstract

Abstract:

Porites lutea, the representative species of reef building corals around the Hainan Island, is a spawning, massive coral with strong environmental adaptability. Exploring the genetic structure and connectivity of this species helps to reveal the genetic diversity pattern and larval migration path of coral metapopulation around the Hainan Island, thus clarifying the recovery potential of coral reefs. In this study, 11 P. lutea microsatellite markers were screened to analyze the genetic structure of 10 populations of the Hainan fringing reefs and 1 population (XsR) in the Xisha Islands. The results showed that, overall the genetic diversity of all populations was medium to low, with the average allelic richness Rs ranging from 2.8 ± 1.3 (Basuo population, Bs) to 3.7 ± 1.7 (Linchang Reef population, LcR), and the average observed and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.31 (Tongguling population, Tgl) to 0.54 (Dachan Reef population, DcR) and 0.50 (Leigong Island population, LgI) to 0.64 (Haiwei population, Hw), respectively. Except for the Longwan Reef population (LwR) and the Dazhou Island population (DzI), which located in the east of the Hainan Island, and the Basuo population (Bs) and the Dachan Reef population DcR (in the west of Hainan Island), all other populations (7/11) showed evidence of heterozygote deficiency. According to genetic differentiation, the Hainan Island populations were divided into two groups: the north-south-east genetically connected zone and the west coast, and the differentiation between the two branches (AMOVA, 0.092) was significant. The former group included Bs, Luhuitou population (Lht), DzI, LgI and Mulantou population (Mlt), due to the significant gene flow created by exchange of ocean currents, there was no obvious genetic differentiation among these five coastal populations, whereas the gene flow of the offshore populations (LcR, DcR and Hw) of the west coast was blocked due to the discontinuity of coastal reefs and slow coastal currents. LwR in the east coast also converges to the west branch, which may be due to the isolation by environment and the convergent adaptation to offshore environment. Although the distance between Hw and Bs is less than 50 km, but they are obviously differentiated, possibly due to the isolation by salinity fluctuation and suspended sediments caused by the runoff of the Changhua River. Tgl showed strong inbreeding, low heterozygosity and non-random mating characteristics because it was located in the wave shadow area of the Tongguling headland, and the runoff of the Bamen River restricted its gene exchange with other coastal reef populations. Represented by P. lutea metapopulations, the fringing reefs of the Hainan Island has the natural resilience responding to environmental stress due to the strong gene flow and the genetic differentiation caused by ocean current, runoff and complex fringing reef structure, as well as the environmental differences between nearshore and offshore. The genetic differentiation between the Xisha Islands population and the coastal reef populations of the Hainan Island was large, showing significant geographical isolation. The Qilianyu Island may have lost the ability to replenish the Hainan Island with coral larvae because the coral reefs have declined there.

Key words: Porites lutea, Genetic connectivity, Microsatellite marker, Runoff, Fringing reef structures, Currents

FU Chengchong, LI Fuyu, CHEN Dandan, HOU Jing, WANG Jun, LI Yuanchao, WANG Daoru, WANG Yan. The genetic structure and connectivity of Porites lutea metapopulation of the fringing reefs around the Hainan Island[J].Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2023, 42(2): 64-77.

Figures/Tables 10

Fig. 1

Tab. 1

Tab. 2

Fig. 2

Tab. 3

Summary statistics for 11 microsatellite loci among 11 Porites lutea populations"

群体		指标			位点																																	平均值
群体		指标			plo7			plo37			plo66			plo78			pasE005			pasE030			pasE056			pasE060			pasE062			pasE073			pasE099			平均值
		F_ST			0.223			0.093			0.122			0.285			0.087			0.033			0.064			0.012			0.084			0.095			0.303
铜鼓岭		N			9			10			10			11			10			11			11			11			11			11			10
		R_S			4.0			3.8			2.9			2.6			2.0			1.9			2.0			5.6			1.9			3.3			2.7			3.0
		H_o			0.27			0.55			0.18			0.09			0.09			0.18			0.00			0.91			0.00			0.91			0.27			0.31
		H_e			0.85			0.74			0.67			0.62			0.47			0.26			0.61			0.82			0.26			0.61			0.59			0.59
		F_IS			0.556			0.115			0.660			0.839			0.640			-0.053			1.000			-0.117			1.000			-0.538			0.289			0.399
		P_hwe			0.0075*			0.0020			0.0056*			0.0011*			0.1603			1.0000			0.0007*			0.0006			0.0490			0.0037			0.4864
鹿回头		N			8			8			7			8			8			8			8			8			8			8			7
		R_S			5.0			5.6			1.0			2.9			2.0			2.0			2.0			5.7			3.0			3.8			2.0			3.2
		H_o			0.50			0.63			0.00			0.50			0.38			0.38			0.25			0.50			0.25			0.75			0.13			0.39
		H_e			0.89			0.88			0.35			0.54			0.46			0.33			0.34			0.86			0.53			0.62			0.45			0.57
		F_IS			0.411			0.239			—			0.082			0.192			-0.167			-0.077			0.404			0.440			-0.235			0.000			0.129
		P_hwe			0.0214			0.2890			—			1.0000			1.0000			1.0000			1.0000			0.0176*			0.1413			0.0417			—
大洲岛	N			9			9			10			10			10			10			10			10			10			9			9
	R_S			5.3			7.0			3.6			4.1			1.7			1.9			1.9			5.7			1.9			2.0			1.8			3.4
	H_o			0.60			0.70			0.50			0.50			0.10			0.20			0.20			0.70			0.20			0.50			0.10			0.39
	H_e			0.81			0.88			0.56			0.68			0.19			0.28			0.28			0.86			0.28			0.54			0.37			0.52
	F_IS			0.127			0.097			0.100			0.244			0.000			-0.059			-0.059			0.187			-0.059			-0.333			0.000			0.022
	P_hwe			0.1919			0.1379			0.1023			0.5001			—			1.0000			1.0000			0.0600			1.0000			1.0000			—
八所	N			15			14			15			15			15			15			14			15			15			14			14
	R_S			3.7			4.3			2.0			2.7			2.0			1.0			2.5			5.1			2.0			3.5			1.5			2.8
	H_o			0.80			0.40			0.60			0.80			0.40			—			0.27			0.53			0.40			0.80			0.07			0.51
	H_e			0.72			0.76			0.54			0.54			0.40			—			0.46			0.79			0.40			0.70			0.25			0.56
	F_IS			-0.139			0.371			-0.260			-0.500			0.012			—			0.096			0.311			0.012			-0.316			0.000			-0.041
	P_hwe			0.5795			0.0460			0.5809			0.0684			1.0000			—			0.1472			0.0115			1.0000			0.0132			—
木栏头	N			16			15			16			15			15			16			16			16			16			15			15
	R_S			5.0			5.6			2.3			3.6			1.5			2.4			2.4			4.9			2.8			3.4			1.0			3.2
	H_o			0.50			0.75			0.19			0.50			0.06			0.13			0.25			0.63			0.25			0.75			0.00			0.36
	H_e			0.77			0.84			0.24			0.68			0.24			0.29			0.56			0.76			0.47			0.64			0.18			0.52
	F_IS			0.324			0.003			-0.034			0.161			0.000			0.474			0.514			0.169			0.409			-0.388			—			0.163
	P_hwe			0.0182*			0.9930			1.0000			0.0524			—			0.0675			0.0234			0.0286			0.0683			0.1924			—
雷公岛	N			16			16			16			16			15			15			16			16			16			16			15
	R_S			5.5			5.7			1.8			4.6			1.9			1.9			3.3			6.0			1.8			2.4			1.0			3.3
	H_o			0.63			0.56			0.06			0.63			0.06			0.06			0.56			0.56			0.19			0.50			0.00			0.35
	H_e			0.83			0.84			0.23			0.74			0.34			0.29			0.54			0.87			0.23			0.40			0.18			0.50
	F_IS			0.254			0.322			0.651			0.143			0.650			0.500			-0.034			0.348			-0.071			-0.257			—			0.251
	P_hwe			0.0189			0.0903*			0.0962			0.0042			0.1023			0.0306			0.7697			0.0025*			1.0000			0.6317			—
邻昌礁		N		9			9			9			9			9			9			9			9			9			9			9
		R_S		4.6			6.3			3.6			1.8			2.0			1.8			3.7			6.8			3.0			4.0			3.7			3.7
		H_o		0.56			0.56			0.44			0.11			0.11			0.11			0.44			0.67			0.22			1.00			0.78			0.45
		H_e		0.76			0.88			0.47			0.11			0.40			0.22			0.55			0.92			0.54			0.78			0.66			0.57
		F_IS		0.279			0.365			0.059			0.000			0.636			0.000			0.190			0.267			0.590			-0.309			-0.191			0.171
		P_hwe		0.0795			0.0317			0.5320			—			0.1771			—			0.1576*			0.0776*			0.0133*			0.1778			0.4218
海尾		N		10			7			10			10			10			10			10			10			10			9			9
		R_S		3.7			6.0			4.4			2.9			1.0			1.0			3.6			6.1			2.8			3.0			2.0			3.3
		H_o		0.45			0.36			0.64			0.36			—			—			0.18			0.36			0.00			0.73			0.73			0.42
		H_e		0.52			0.86			0.63			0.54			—			—			0.54			0.82			0.41			0.72			0.67			0.64
		F_IS		0.138			0.333			-0.007			0.333			—			—			0.623			0.543			1.000			-0.524			-0.778			0.185
		P_hwe		0.3443			0.0665			0.2047			0.0955			—			—			0.0084*			0.0000*			0.0022*			0.2135			0.0557
大铲礁			N			11			11			11			11			11			11			11			11			11			11			11
			R_S			4.6			5.2			2.8			3.0			1.0			1.0			2.8			4.6			2.8			3.9			2.0	3.1
			H_o			0.18			0.45			0.45			0.82			—			—			0.18			0.73			0.45			0.64			0.91	0.54
			H_e			0.85			0.77			0.46			0.70			—			—			0.41			0.71			0.39			0.75			0.52	0.62
			F_IS			0.779			0.383			-0.163			-0.259			—			—			0.459			-0.026			-0.163			0.136			-0.818	0.036
			P_hwe			0.0000*			0.0000			1.0000			0.3486			—			—			0.0992			0.1568			1.0000			0.0041			0.0196
龙湾			N			22			21			21			22			22			22			22			22			21			22			22
			R_S			3.2			4.8			3.5			2.3			1.3			1.0			2.9			6.2			2.0			3.6			2.0	3.0
			H_o			0.32			0.64			0.36			0.86			0.05			—			0.32			0.73			0.32			0.73			0.68	0.50
			H_e			0.40			0.73			0.49			0.55			0.09			—			0.54			0.85			0.38			0.70			0.51	0.52
			F_IS			0.128			0.056			0.140			-0.684			0.000			—			0.407			0.141			-0.176			-0.043			-0.346	-0.038
			P_hwe			0.1269			0.1715			0.0871			0.0006			—			—			0.0107*			0.0000			1.0000			0.0040			0.1924
西沙七连屿			N			13			13			11			13			13			13			13			13			13			12			13
			R_S			1.5			5.2			3.9			1.0			1.0			1.0			2.5			8.0			2.7			3.4			2.5	3.0
			H_o			0.08			0.54			0.54			—			—			—			0.15			0.77			0.23			0.69			0.46	0.43
			H_e			0.15			0.78			0.83			—			—			—			0.28			0.88			0.40			0.67			0.52	0.56
			F_IS			0.000			0.320			0.146			—			—			—			0.461			0.127			0.333			-0.356			0.007	0.130
			P_hwe			—			0.0070			0.0340			—			—			—			0.2402			0.1348			0.0271			0.5811			1.0000

Tab. 3

Tab. 4

Tab. 5

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

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位点	GenBank号	T_a/℃	a	Size/bp	H_o	R_S	HWE*	PIC
plo7	HQ435873	50	12	171~240	0.44 ± 0.21	4.2 ± 1.2	1/10 ^#	0.762
plo37	HQ435922	55	17	372~431	0.56 ± 0.12	5.4 ± 0.9	2/11	0.824
plo66	HQ435976	55	11	172~208	0.36 ± 0.22	2.9 ± 1.0	0/10 ^#	0.443
plo78	GU137158	50	9	102~170	0.52 ± 0.27	2.9 ± 1.0	2/9 ^#	0.640
pasE005	KP407156	53	2	202~204	0.16 ± 0.15	1.6 ± 0.4	0/5 ^#	0.150
pasE030	KP407159	53	4	183~197	0.18 ± 0.11	1.5 ± 0.5	0/5 ^#	0.093
pasE056	KP407161	50	8	251~300	0.25 ± 0.15	2.7 ± 0.6	1/11	0.432
pasE060	KP407163	50	18	261~392	0.64 ± 0.15	5.9 ± 0.9	3/11	0.850
pasE062	KP407165	53	5	288~314	0.23 ± 0.14	2.4 ± 0.5	0/11	0.309
pasE073	KP407169	48	9	326~357	0.73 ± 0.15	3.3 ± 0.6	2/11	0.600
pasE099	KP407171	53	6	202~302	0.38 ± 0.35	2.0 ±0.8	0/6 ^#	0.350

	八所	雷公岛	木栏头	铜鼓岭	大洲岛	鹿回头	海尾	大铲礁	邻昌礁	龙湾	西沙
八所	-	0.116	0.081	0.194	0.103	0.114	0.205	0.202	0.156	0.110	0.407
雷公岛	0.072	-	0.068	0.221	0.098	0.098	0.172	0.179	0.167	0.158	0.413
木栏头	0.046	0.007	-	0.191	0.089	0.083	0.201	0.193	0.140	0.126	0.393
铜鼓岭	0.105	0.091	0.090	-	0.174	0.199	0.253	0.286	0.231	0.222	0.405
大洲岛	0.037	0.018	0.024	0.075	-	0.128	0.190	0.207	0.165	0.194	0.387
鹿回头	0.042	0.017	0.016	0.091	0.021	-	0.236	0.227	0.217	0.169	0.432
海尾	0.127	0.107	0.102	0.109	0.086	0.138	-	0.195	0.144	0.184	0.395
大铲礁	0.117	0.092	0.106	0.135	0.093	0.109	0.071	-	0.178	0.193	0.403
邻昌礁	0.057	0.097	0.067	0.089	0.101	0.086	0.045	0.053	-	0.136	0.381
龙湾	0.148	0.131	0.100	0.152	0.129	0.166	0.055	0.084	0.060	-	0.408
西沙	0.341	0.330	0.338	0.309	0.311	0.339	0.307	0.294	0.306	0.325	-

The genetic structure and connectivity of Porites lutea metapopulation of the fringing reefs around the Hainan Island

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地区	站位	纬度/N	经度/E	N	N_MLG
海南岛岸礁	八所	19°08′25.80″	108°39′33.00″	15	15
	雷公岛	19°58′30.43″	109°53′29.79″	17	16
	木栏头	20°07′25.02″	110°39′21.90″	16	16
	铜鼓岭	19°37′53.39″	110°58′42.76″	17	11
	大洲岛	18°40′29.54″	110°28′56.86″	10	10
	鹿回头	18°13′33.42″	109°29′06.44″	8	8
	海尾	19°26′47.55″	108°51′12.20″	10	10
	大铲礁	19°41′11.63″	109°06′2.13″	11	11
	邻昌礁	19°55′01.09″	109°28′51.86″	10	9
	龙湾	19°16′24.20″	110°39′29.50″	22	22
西沙岛礁	七连屿	16°58′10.92″	112°18′21.41″	13	13
	总计			149	141

群体	N	R_S	H_o	H_e	F_IS	HWE (偏离位点)
八所	15	2.8 ± 1.3	0.51± 0.25	0.56 ± 0.18	-0.041	-
雷公岛	16	3.3 ± 1.8	0.35 ± 0.27	0.50 ± 0.27	0.251	plo78, pasE062
木栏头	16	3.2 ± 1.5	0.36 ± 0.27	0.52 ± 0.24	0.163	-
铜鼓岭	11	3.0 ± 1.1	0.31 ± 0.33	0.59 ± 0.20	0.399	plo37, plo78, pasE056, pasE060, pasE073
大洲岛	10	3.4 ± 1.9	0.39 ± 0.23	0.52 ± 0.26	0.022	-
鹿回头	8	3.2 ± 1.6	0.39 ± 0.22	0.57 ± 0.22	0.129	-
海尾	10	3.3 ± 1.7	0.42 ± 0.25	0.64 ± 0.15	0.185	pasE056, pasE062
大铲礁	11	3.1 ± 1.4	0.54 ± 0.26	0.62 ± 0.17	0.036	plo7, plo37, pasE073
邻昌礁	9	3.7 ± 1.7	0.45 ± 0.30	0.57 ± 0.26	0.171	-
龙湾	22	3.0 ± 1.5	0.50 ± 0.26	0.52 ± 0.21	-0.038	plo78, pasE060, pasE073
西沙七连屿	13	3.0 ± 2.1	0.43 ± 0.25	0.56 ± 0.27	0.130	-

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