珠江口红树林基围养殖生态开发模式评述

doi:10.11978/j.issn.1009-5470.2010.01.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

起源于珠江三角洲的红树林基围(land-based enclosure)养殖传统模式是红树林可持续利用和生态开发范例之一。本文介绍了珠江口红树林基围养殖生态开发模式的3个个例: 仅存香港米埔红树林自然保护区的传统基围养殖运作历史和演变, 及其候鸟生境、养殖、观鸟、环境教育综合功能的实现; 珠海淇澳岛大围湾红树林传统和粗放式基围养殖试验和围内水位盐度等环境条件变化对红树林生长影响的研究; 伶仃洋东岸海上田园红树林海水种植−集约式养殖系统试验和红树林净化水质研究。在珠江口红树林保护管理及海域污染防治过程中建议重视红树林可持续利用模式的研究和推广, 建立新的基围养殖示范区, 大力推广红树林基围养殖的生态开发模式, 探索毁林养殖区红树林友好式整治模式, 改善红树林基围养殖技术提高养殖产量, 加强红树林基围养殖系统相关科学研究。

关键词: 红树林, 生态开发, 基围养殖, 红树林种植−养殖系统, 珠江口

Abstract:

The traditional mangrove land-based enclosure aquaculture model originated in the Pearl River Delta is a good example showing how mangroves can be used sustainably. This paper introduces three examples of mangrove land-based enclosure aquaculture at the mouth of the Pearl River Estuary. The first example is about the only operating traditional mangrove land-based enclosure for shrimp farming located in Mai Po Marshes Nature Reserve of Hong Kong and managed by WWF Hong Kong; its history goes back to the mid-1940s and its focus for management strategy has evolved from being commercial culture ponds to performance of multi-ecological functions including feeding habitat for piscivorous water birds, bird-watching, environmental education, as well as shrimp farming. The second example is the mangrove land-based enclosure for traditionally extensive aquaculture trial in the Dawei Bay on the Qi’ao Island of Zhuhai City, regarding measurement and analyses of relationship between the environmental condition change of water level and salinity and the mangrove community dynamics inside land-based enclosure. The third example is the mangrove planting-aquaculture system trial in the Shenzhen Waterlands Resort on the east coast of the Lingdingyang Estuary, including research on water purification function by mangroves. For mangrove protection and management and for marine pollution prevention in the Pearl River Estuary waters, the following suggestions are given: 1) Preventing resolutely the development model of clearing mangrove for aquaculture ponds, and disseminating and applying the eco-development model of land-based enclosure aquaculture or mangrove-friendly aquaculture; 2) Building new land-based enclosure aquaculture demonstration site in major mangrove regions, and exploring mangrove-friendly restoration model in aquaculture pond areas built by clearing mangroves; 3) strengthening relevant scientific research for maximizing comprehensive efficiency of mangrove land-based enclosure aquaculture.

Key words: mangrove, eco-development, land-based enclosure aquaculture, mangrove planting aquaculture system, Pearl River Estuary

张乔民,施祺,余克服. 珠江口红树林基围养殖生态开发模式评述[J]. 热带海洋学报, 2010, 29(1): 8-14.

ZHANG Qiao-min,SHI Qi,YU Ke-fu. Review of eco-development model for mangrove land-based enclosure aquaculture in the Pearl River Estuary[J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2010, 29(1): 8-14.

参考文献

[1] 国家自然科学基金委员会. 海洋科学, 自然科学发展战略调研报告[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 1995: 1-121.
[2] 克拉克J R. 海岸带管理手册[M]. 吴克勤, 杨德全, 盖明巨译. 北京: 海洋出版社, 2000: 76-79.
[3] 张乔民, 隋淑珍. 中国红树林湿地资源及其保护[J]. 自然资源学报, 2001, 16(1): 28-36.
[4] 林鹏, 傅勤. 中国红树林环境生态及其经济利用[M]. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 1995: 1-95.
[5] 梁士楚, 罗春业. 红树林区经济动物及生态养殖模式[J]. 广西科学院学报, 1999, 15(2): 64-68.
[6] 黄小平等. 珠江口海域污染防治与生态保护技术研究[M]. 广州: 广东经济出版社, 2007: 1-169.
[7] 柯东胜, 关志斌, 苏桂兴, 等. 珠江口海域环境状况与综合整治策略研究[J]. 海洋开发与管理, 2008, (3): 97-101.
[8] 杨路年. 米埔湿地: 华南的一块生态瑰宝[J]. 中国生物圈保护区, 1997, (2): 9-21.
[9] 廖宝文, 管伟, 章家恩, 等. 珠海市淇澳岛红树林群落发展动态研究[J]. 华南农业大学学报, 2008, 29(4): 59-63.
[10] 张乔民, 施祺, 余克服. 珠江口红树林生态保护技术研究[M]// 黄小平, 陈清潮, 王华接, 等. 珠江口海域污染防治与生态保护技术研究. 广州: 广东经济出版社, 2007, 128-142.
[11] 王树功, 黎夏, 周永章, 等. 珠江口淇澳岛红树林湿地变化及调控对策研究[J]. 湿地科学, 2005, 3(1): 13-20.
[12] 艾荣, 莫雅顿. 米埔沼泽地理[M]. 雷欣然译. 香港: 香港大学出版社, 1990, 1-52.
[13] LEE S Y. The management of traditional tidal ponds for aquaculture and wildlife conservation in southeast Asia: problems and prospects[J]. Biological Conservation, 1993, 63: 113-11.
[14] LAI L W C, LAM K K H, LORNE F T, et al. Economics of land-based enclosure shrimp culture in Hong Kong: from commercial aquaculture to bird production[M] // LEUNG P S, ENGLE C. Shrimp culture: Economics, market, and trade. Blackwell Publishing, 2007: 167-186.
[15] CHA M W, YOUNG L, WONG K M. The future of traditional extensive (land-based enclosure) shrimp farming at the Mai Po Marshes Nature Reserve, Hong Kong[J]. Hydrobiologia, 1997, 352(1-3): 295−303. DOI: 10. 1023/A: 1003064414663.
[16] LEE S Y. Primary productivity and organic matter flow in an estuarine mangrove-wetland in Hong Kong[J]. Marine Biology, 1990, 106: 453-463.
[17] YOUNG L, MELVILLE D S. Conservation of Deep Bay environment[M] // MORTON B. The marine biology of the South China Sea. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1993: 211-231.
[18] 张乔民, 于红兵. 红树林基围养殖系统生态开发模式研究[C]// 陈邦富, 吴超羽, 陈介中. SCORE2000海岸海洋资源与环境学术研讨会论文集. 台湾高雄: 高雄中山大学海洋科学学院, 2000: 171-176.
[19] LEE S Y. Studies of inner Deep Bay, Pearl River estuary, Hong Kong: contributions to the management of urbanized estuaries in Southeast Asia[C] // MORTON B. Perspectives on marine environment change in Hong Kong, 1977-2001. Proceedings of an international workshop reunion conference, Hong Kong 21−26 October 2001. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2003, 783-796.
[20] MORTON B, WILLIAMS G A, LEE S Y. The benthic marine ecology of Hong Kong: a dwindling heritage[C] // Coastal infrastructure development in Hong Kong, Proceedings of a symposium on the hydraulics of Hong Kong waters, 1995. Hong Kong Government: Civil engineering department, 1995, 233-267.
[21] 辛琨, 谭凤仪, 黄玉山, 等. 香港米埔湿地生态功能价值估算[J]. 生态学报, 2006, 26(6): 2020-2026.
[22] 交通部天津水运工程科学研究所. 珠江口伶仃洋西滩演变趋势分析[R]: 国家八五科技攻关85-404-01-01-002a子专题报告. 1995.
[23] 董超, 吕茹. 30座私设水闸被相继炸毁珠海同时拆除淇澳岛65间违章建房[N]. 深圳商报, 2001−9−11.
[24] 张乔民, 于红兵, 陈欣树, 等. 红树林生长带与潮汐水位关系的研究[J]. 生态学报, 1997, 17(3): 258-265.
[25] 张乔民, 隋淑珍, 张叶春, 等. 红树林宜林海洋环境指标研究[J]. 生态学报, 2001, 21(9): 1427-1437.
[26] LI M S, LAN C Y, CHEN G Z, et al. Litter production and return of nutrient elements in Futian mangrove swamp, Shenzhen, China[C] // LEE S Y. The mangrove ecosystem of deep bay and the Mai Po Marshes, Hong Kong. Proceedings of the international workshop on the mangrove ecosystem of Deep Bay and the Mai Po Marshes, Hong Kong, 3−20 September 1993. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1999, 165-177.
[27] LEE S Y. Litter production and turnover of the mangrove Kandelia candel (L.) Druce in a Hong Kong tidal shrimp pond[J]. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 1989, 29: 75-87.
[28] 郑德璋, 廖宝文, 郑松发, 等. 居民在红树林区活动对林分演替的影响[C]// 郑德璋, 郑松发, 廖宝文. 海南岛清澜港红树林发展动态研究. 广州: 广东科技出版社, 1995, 104-109.
[29] 王伯荪, 廖宝文, 王勇军, 等. 深圳湾红树林生态系统及其持续发展[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2002, 1-362.
[30] 陈桂珠, 彭友贵. 滩涂海水种植−养殖系统技术研究[C]. 广州: 中山大学出版社, 2005: 1-264.
[31] 彭友贵, 陈桂珠, 佘忠明, 等. 红树林滩涂海水种植养殖生态耦合系统初步研究[J]. 中山大学学报: 自然科学版, 2004, 43(6): 150-154.
[32] 佘忠明, 林俊雄, 彭友贵, 等. 红树林与水产养殖系统初步研究[J]. 生态学杂志, 2005, 24(7): 837-840.
[33] 黄凤莲, 陈桂珠, 夏北成, 等. 滩涂海水养殖生态模式研究[J]. 海洋环境科学, 2005, 24(1): 16-20.
[34] LAU S S S, CHU L M. Nutrient and faecal contamination and retention in wetland enclosures (land-based enclosures) in the Mai Po marshes, Hong Kong[J]. Hydrobiologia, 2000, 431(1): 81-92. DOI: 10. 1023/A: 1004058523243.
[35] 朱颖, 吴纯德. 红树林对水体净化作用研究进展[J]. 生态科学, 2008, 27(1): 55-60.
[36] 靖元孝, 李晓菊, 杨丹菁, 等. 红树植物人工湿地对生活污水的净化效果[J]. 生态学报, 2007, 27(6): 2365-2373.
[37] QUARTO A. Mangrove forests, sustained or lost – an overview of issues[C] // HONG P H, ISHWARAN N, SAN H T, et al. Community Participation in Conservation, Sustainable Use and Rehabilitation of Mangroves in Southeast Asia, Proceedings of the ECOTONE V, 8−12 January 1996, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnan. Hanoi: Mangrove Ecosystem Research Centre, Vietnan National University, 1996, 148-151.
[38] HOGARTH P J. The Biology of Mangroves[M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999, 177-180.
[39] TAKASHIMA F. Silvofishery: an aquaculture system harmonized with the environment[C] // PRIMAVERA J H, GARCIA L Ma B, CASTANOS M T, et al. Mangrove-Friendly Aquaculture. Proceedings of the workshop on mangrove-friendly aquaculture, organized by the SEAFDEC aquaculture department, January 11−15, 1999, Iloilo City, Philippines. Iloilo: SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department, 2000, 13-19.
[40] FitzGerald W J Jr. Silvofisheries: integrated mangrove forest aquaculture systems[C] // COSTA-PIERCE B A. Ecological aquaculture: the evolution of the blue revolution. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 2002: 161-262.
[41] CLOUGH B, JOHNSTON D, XUAN T T, et al. Silvofishery Farming Systems in Ca Mau Province, Vietnam[R]//Report prepared under the World Bank, NACA, WWF and FAO Consortium Program on Shrimp Farming and the Environment. Work in progress for public discussion. Published by the Consortium. 2002, 1-70.
[42] PRIMAVERA J H. Integrated mangrove—aquaculture systems in Asia[C] // Integrated coastal zone management, Autumn 2000 ed. ICG Publ. Ltd, 121-128.
[43] JOHNSTON D, LOUREY M, VAN TIEN D, et al. Water quality and plankton densities in mixed shrimp-mangrove forestry farming systems in Vietnam[J]. Aquaculture Research, 2002, 33(10): 785-798.
[44] JOHNSTON D, TRONG N V, TIEN D V, et al. Shrimp yields and harvest characteristics of mixed shrimp–mangrove forestry farms in southern Vietnam: factors affecting production[J]. Aquaculture, 2000, 188(3−4): 263-284.