基于Ecopath模型的七连屿礁栖性生物的生态承载力分析

doi:10.11978/2020156

热带海洋学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (1): 15-27.doi: 10.11978/2020156CSTR: 32234.14.2020156

基于Ecopath模型的七连屿礁栖性生物的生态承载力分析

洪小帆^1,^2,³(), 陈作志^1,²(), 张俊^1,², 江艳娥^1,², 龚玉艳^1,², 蔡研聪^1,², 杨玉滔^1,²

1. 中国水产科学研究院南海水产研究所, 农业农村部外海渔业开发重点实验室, 广东省渔业生态环境重点实验室, 广东广州 510300
2. 南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(广州), 广东广州 511458
3. 上海海洋大学海洋科学学院, 上海 201306

收稿日期:2020-12-30 修回日期:2021-04-15 出版日期:2022-01-10 发布日期:2021-04-22
通讯作者: 陈作志
作者简介:洪小帆(1996—), 男, 广东省揭阳市人, 硕士研究生, 从事海洋渔业生态研究。email: jyhdhkhxf@163.com
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFC1406502);国家自然科学基金项目(31902374);南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(广州)人才团队引进重大专项(GML2019ZD0605);广东省基础与应用基础研究重大项目(2019B030302004);中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(2020TD05)

Analysis of ecological carrying capacity of reef organisms in Qilianyu Islands based on Ecopath model

HONG Xiaofan^1,^2,³(), CHEN Zuozhi^1,²(), ZHANG Jun^1,², JIANG Yan’e^1,², GONG Yuyan^1,², CAI Yancong^1,², YANG Yutao^1,²

1. South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Offshore Fisheries Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510300, China
2. Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
3. College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China

Received:2020-12-30 Revised:2021-04-15 Online:2022-01-10 Published:2021-04-22
Contact: CHEN Zuozhi
Supported by:
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFC1406502);National Natural Science Foundation of China(31902374);Key Special Project for Introduced Talents Team of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou)(GML2019ZD0605);Major Projects of Basic and Applied Basic Research Programs in Guangdong Province(2019B030302004);Special Scientific Research Funds for Central Non-profit Institutes of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences(2020TD05)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

生态承载力评估是开展生物资源增殖放流, 维持珊瑚礁生态系统健康的基础和前提。本文基于2019年渔业资源和生态环境的综合调查数据, 构建了七连屿珊瑚礁海域生态系统的生态通道(Ecopath)模型, 分析和探讨了相关功能组增殖放流的生态承载力。结果显示, 七连屿珊瑚礁海域生态系统各功能群营养级范围为1.00~3.81; 生态系统的总能量转化效率为13.45%; 生态系统以牧食食物链占据主导地位, 直接来源于初级生产者的能流占比为57%。系统总初级生产量/总呼吸量为2.54; 总初级生产量/总生物量为19.07; 系统连接指数和系统杂食性指数分别为0.36和0.22, 表明当前七连屿珊瑚礁海域生态系统的成熟度和稳定性偏低, 系统对于外界的干扰抵抗能力较弱。在未改变七连屿珊瑚礁生态系统结构和功能的前提下, 各功能组中珊瑚、双壳类和植食性鱼类的生态承载力分别为25.09~53.77t•km^-2、2.55~39.95t•km^-2和4.89~17.94t•km^-2, 因此仍具有较大的增殖空间。珊瑚礁鱼类群落的最大生态承载力同珊瑚礁无脊椎动物群落的增殖密切相关, 在未来的珊瑚礁渔业管理中应从生态系统整体结构的角度综合考虑增殖放流的方法设计。

关键词: 南海, 七连屿, 珊瑚礁, Ecopath模型, 生物资源增殖, 生态承载力

Abstract:

Ecological carrying capacity assessment is the basis and premise for reef organisms of maintaining the health of coral reef ecosystem. Based on the survey data of the fishery resources and ecological environment in 2019, we developed an Ecopath model of the Qilianyu Islands coral reef ecosystem in the South China Sea. The ecological carrying capacities of some functional groups were analyzed by using the Ecopath model. The results show that the coral reef ecosystem was dominated by the grazing pathway, and the proportion of total energy flow originating from primary producers was 57%. Overall, the ratio of total primary productivity to total respiration was 2.54, and the ratio of total primary productivity to total biomass was 19.07. The connectance index and system omnivory index were 0.35 and 0.18, respectively. Outputs of the Ecopath model show that the maturity and stability of the coral reef ecosystem of the Qilianyu Islands were relatively low, and the ecosystem had weak resistance to external disturbances. Under the condition of stable ecosystem construction and sustaining the ecosystem, the ecological carrying capacities of functional groups of coral, bivalve and phytophagous fish were 25.09~53.77 t•km^-2, 2.55~39.95 t•km^-2 and 4.89~17.94 t•km^-2, respectively; their biomass still has a large growth space. The maximum ecological carrying capacity of coral reef fish communities was closely related to the multiplication of coral reef invertebrate communities. In the future of coral reef fishery management, the system design of stock enhancement should be considered from the perspective of the overall structure of the ecosystem.

Key words: South China Sea, Qilianyu Islands, coral reef, Ecopath model, marine stock enhancement, ecological carrying capacity

中图分类号:

P735.12

洪小帆, 陈作志, 张俊, 江艳娥, 龚玉艳, 蔡研聪, 杨玉滔. 基于Ecopath模型的七连屿礁栖性生物的生态承载力分析[J]. 热带海洋学报, 2022, 41(1): 15-27.

HONG Xiaofan, CHEN Zuozhi, ZHANG Jun, JIANG Yan’e, GONG Yuyan, CAI Yancong, YANG Yutao. Analysis of ecological carrying capacity of reef organisms in Qilianyu Islands based on Ecopath model[J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2022, 41(1): 15-27.

图/表 11

图1

表1

七连屿珊瑚礁海域生态系统功能组及主要种类"

序号	功能组	主要组成种类
1	软骨鱼类(Chondrichthyes)	鳐(Ray)、鲨鱼(Shark)等
2	大型肉食性鱼类(Large carnivorous fish)	绿短臂鱼(Aprion virescens)、丝鳍紫鱼(Pristipomoides filamentosus)、红叉尾鲷(Aphareus rutilans)、大型石斑鱼(Large grouper)等
3	中型肉食性鱼类(Medium carnivorous fish)	隆头鱼科(Labridae)、裸颊鲷科(Lethrinidae)、须鲷科(Mullidae)、大眼鲷科(Priacanthidae)等
4	小型肉食性鱼类(Small carnivorous fish)	蜂巢石斑鱼(Epinephelus merra)、九棘鲈属(Cephalopholis)、金鳞鱼科(Holocentridae)、天竺鲷科(Apogonidae)等
5	杂食性鱼类(Omnivorous fish)	雀鲷科(Pomacentridae)、鳞鲀科(Balistidae)等
6	珊瑚食性鱼类(Coral-eating fish)	鹦嘴鱼科(Scarinae)、蝴蝶鱼科(Chaetodontidae)等
7	植食性鱼类(Herbivorous fish)	盖刺鱼科(Pomacanthidae)、刺尾鱼科(Acanthuridae)、蓝子鱼属(Siganus)等
8	海龟(Turtle)	绿海龟(C. mydas)、玳瑁(Eretmochelys imbricata)、棱皮龟(Dermochelys coriacea)等
9	棘冠海星(Crown-of-thorns starfish)	棘冠海星(A. planci)
10	法螺(Giant triton)	法螺(C. tritonis)
11	其他棘皮动物(Other echinoderms)	海星(Star fish)、海胆(Sea urchin)、海参(Sea cucumber)、海蛇尾(Brittle star)等
12	双壳类(Bivalve)	砗磲科(Tridacninae)等
13	其他软体动物(Other mollusca)	单板类(Monoplacophora)、腹足类(Gastropoda)等
14	甲壳类(Crustaceans)	蟹类(Crab)、虾类(Shrimp)等
15	珊瑚(Coral)	鹿角珊瑚属(Acropora)、杯形珊瑚属(Pocillopora)、滨珊瑚属(Porites)、菊花珊瑚属(Goniastrea)等
16	浮游动物(Zooplankton)	桡足类(Copepods)、海樽科(Doliolum)、鱼卵(Fish spawns)等
17	小型底栖动物(Small benthic invertebrates)	多毛类(Polychaeta)等
18	大型底栖藻类(Benthic macro-algae)	珊瑚藻(Coralline algae)
19	小型底栖藻类(Benthic micro-algae)	草皮海藻(Turf)
20	浮游植物(Phytoplankton)	硅藻(Bacillariophyceae)、甲藻(Dinoflagellata)、金藻(Chrysophyceae)、蓝藻(Cyanobacteria)等
21	碎屑(Detritus)	颗粒有机碳和溶解有机碳(Particulate organic carbon & Dissolved organic carbon)

表1

表2

图2

表3

表4

表5

图3

表6

表7

表8

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指标	取值范围	参考文献
生态营养效率(Ecotrophic efficiency, EE)	<1	Heymans et al, 2016
食物总转化效率(Gross food conversion efficiency, GE)	0.1~0.3
净效率(Net efficiency, NE)	NE-GE>0
呼吸量/同化量(Respiration/Assimilation biomass, RA/AS)	<1
呼吸量/生物量(Respiration/Biomass, RA/B)	鱼类: 1~10; 高转换效率类群: 50~100
生产量/呼吸量(Production/Respiration, P/RA)	<1

序号	功能组	营养级	生物量 /(t•km^-2)	生产量与生物量之比 /a^-1	消耗量与生物量之比 /a^-1	生态营养效率	被捕捞量 /(t•km^-2•a^-1)
1	软骨鱼类	3.81	0.097^a	0.25^g	4.72^g	0.189	-
2	大型肉食性鱼类	3.60	0.430	0.67^h	11.52	0.779	0.2
3	中型肉食性鱼类	3.42	3.781	0.99^g	8.50	0.893	2.5
4	小型肉食性鱼类	3.10	1.700	4.12ⁱ	13.50	0.983	0.8
5	杂食性鱼类	2.86	1.103	4.50^g	16.30	0.883	1.8
6	珊瑚食性鱼类	2.69	1.415	2.20^j	15.10^j	0.945	0.2
7	植食性鱼类	2.18	8.156	3.00^k	21.50^k	0.689	1.5
8	海龟	2.81	0.020^b	0.14^k	3.50^k	0.878	0.002
9	棘冠海星	3.03	3.045	1.20^k	5.00^k	0.300	-
10	法螺	3.48	0.692	1.22^b	4.08^b	0.950^b	0.8
11	其他棘皮动物	2.27	3.035^c	2.43^g	8.15^g	0.968	0.5
12	双壳类	2.18	8.500^b	2.51^k	5.62^k	0.325	0.5
13	其他软体动物	2.38	26.500^c	2.55^l	19.20l	0.308	6
14	甲壳类	2.46	4.300^b	5.65	28.50^h	0.947	0.5
15	珊瑚	2.26	35.849	3.00^j	10.00^j	0.700^h	-
16	浮游动物	2.01	3.510^d	76.00^b	253.00^b	0.902	-
17	小型底栖动物	2.09	3.911^c	12.00^k	60.00^k	0.909	-
18	大型底栖藻类	1.00	22.000^e	18.00^m	-	0.453	-
19	小型底栖藻类	1.00	30.000^f	25.00ⁿ	-	0.312	-
20	浮游植物	1.00	8.817	231.00ⁱ	-	0.395	-
21	碎屑	1.00	315.000	-	-	0.245	-

营养级	被捕食量/(t•km^-2•a^-1)	输出量/(t•km^-2•a^-1)	流向碎屑量/(t•km^-2•a^-1)	呼吸量/(t•km^-2•a^-1)	总流量/(t•km^-2•a^-1)
Ⅳ	2.76	1.54	11.15	25.52	40.97
Ⅲ	43.47	6.16	116.90	236.50	403.00
Ⅱ	371.10	7.39	645.70	986.90	2011.00
I	1889.00	2068.00	1964.00	0.00	5922.00
总和	2307.00	2083.00	2739.00	1251.00	8380.00

来源	营养转化效率
来源	Ⅱ	Ⅲ	Ⅳ	平均
初级生产者	18.66%	12.53%	10.22%	13.37%
碎屑	19.10%	11.92%	11.00%	13.58%
总流量	18.82%	12.31%	10.49%	13.45%

序号	整体生物量倍数		模型变动
序号	珊瑚礁鱼类群落	珊瑚礁无脊椎动物群落	模型变动
1	1.1	1.0	软体动物EE=1.036
2	1.0	1.9	平衡
3	1.0	2.0	杂食性鱼类EE=1.007
4	2.1	1.9	平衡
5	2.2	1.9	甲壳类EE=1.013
6	2.2	2.2	平衡
7	2.3	2.3	大型底栖海藻EE=1.040

基于Ecopath模型的七连屿礁栖性生物的生态承载力分析

Analysis of ecological carrying capacity of reef organisms in Qilianyu Islands based on Ecopath model

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功能组	原始生物量/(t•km^-2)	最小生态承载力/(t•km^-2)	最大生态承载力/(t•km^-2)
双壳类	8.50	2.55	39.95
珊瑚	35.85	25.09	53.77
法螺	0.69	0.66	0.90
大型肉食性鱼类	0.43	0.30	0.52
植食性鱼类	8.16	4.89	17.94

参数	数值	数值1	数值2	数值3	单位
总消耗量(Sum of all consumption)	2478.35	4289.81	4732.88	5376.98	t•km^-2•a^-1
总输出量(Sum of all exports)	2083.11	1254.70	1077.36	785.10	t•km^-2•a^-1
总呼吸量(Sum of all respiratory flows)	1251.01	2163.15	2388.91	2713.49	t•km^-2•a^-1
流向碎屑总量(Sum of all flows into detritus)	2738.82	2437.25	2337.70	2228.13	t•km^-2•a^-1
系统总流量(Total system throughput, TST)	8551.28	10144.91	10536.86	11103.70	t•km^-2•a^-1
系统总生产量(Sum of all production)	3772.67	4213.70	4303.81	4459.01	t•km^-2•a^-1
总净初级生产量(Calculated total net primary production)	3182.73	3182.73	3182.73	3182.73	t•km^-2•a^-1
总初级生产量/总呼吸量(Total primary production/total respiration, TPP/TR)	2.54	1.47	1.33	1.17	无
系统净生产量(Net system production)	1931.72	1019.58	793.81	469.24	t•km^-2•a^-1
总初级生产量/总生物量(Total primary production/total biomass, TPP/TB)	19.07	13.93	12.19	11.18	无
总生物量/总流量(Total biomass/total throughput)	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.03	无
系统连接指数(Connectance index, CI)	0.36	0.36	0.36	0.36	无
系统杂食指数(System omnivory index, SOI)	0.22	0.22	0.23	0.23	无
Finn循环指数(Finn's cycling index, FCI)	3.72	7.10	7.16	8.48	无
Finn平均路径长度(Finn's mean path length, MPL)	2.57	2.97	3.04	3.17	无
系统权势(Ascendency)	24.34	19.67	19.21	18.96	%
系统转化效率(Total transfer efficiencies)	13.45	11.41	12.43	12.08	%

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