西沙群岛银屿珊瑚礁的生态快速退化及其对鱼类的影响

doi:10.11978/2023115

热带海洋学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (3): 87-99.doi: 10.11978/2023115CSTR: 32234.14.2023115

西沙群岛银屿珊瑚礁的生态快速退化及其对鱼类的影响

雷明凤¹(), 余克服¹^,²^,³(), 廖芝衡³^,⁴, 陈飚¹^,²^,³, 黄学勇¹^,²^,³, 陈小燕¹^,²^,³

1.广西大学海洋学院, 广西南宁 530004
2.广西大学珊瑚礁研究中心, 广西南宁 530004
3.广西南海珊瑚礁研究重点实验室, 广西南宁 530004
4.南宁师范大学北部湾环境演变与资源利用教育部重点实验室, 广西南宁 530001

收稿日期:2023-08-09 修回日期:2023-10-22 出版日期:2024-05-10 发布日期:2024-06-04
作者简介:
雷明凤(1999—), 女, 广西桂林市人, 硕士研究生, 从事海洋生物生态研究。email: 1589136086@qq.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(42090041); 国家自然科学基金项目(42030502)

The rapid ecological degradation and its impact on fish of the Yinyu Island in the Xisha Islands

LEI Mingfeng¹(), YU Kefu¹^,²^,³(), LIAO Zhiheng³^,⁴, CHEN Biao¹^,²^,³, HUANG Xueyong¹^,²^,³, CHEN Xiaoyan¹^,²^,³

1. School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
2. Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
3. Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Nanning 530004, China
4. Key laboratory of Beibu Gulf Environment Change and Resources Utilization of Ministry of Education, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, China

Received:2023-08-09 Revised:2023-10-22 Online:2024-05-10 Published:2024-06-04
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42090041); National Natural Science Foundation of China(42030502)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

珊瑚礁生态系统退化能够改变珊瑚礁三维结构的复杂性及底栖生物组成, 从而对珊瑚礁鱼类群落产生重要影响。南海珊瑚礁在近几十年来处于快速退化之中, 但其退化对珊瑚礁鱼类群落造成的生态影响仍不清楚。西沙群岛珊瑚礁近年受高温和长棘海星暴发等的影响而出现生态退化, 因此, 本文以西沙群岛银屿珊瑚礁为研究对象, 通过水下录像样带调查和差异性检验、线性回归评估其珊瑚礁生态退化状况及其对珊瑚礁鱼类群落的影响。结果表明: 2020至2021年, 银屿活珊瑚覆盖率从33.27%下降到9.07%, 草皮海藻覆盖率从8.38%上升到36.50%, 珊瑚补充量从21.42ind.·m^-2下降到3.64ind.·m^-2, 珊瑚物种丰富度从40.00下降到16.83, 珊瑚Shannon-Weaner指数从3.26下降到2.14。鱼类密度从177.16ind·100m^-2下降到105.07ind.·100m^-2, 鱼类物种丰富度从30.56下降到17.17, 鱼类Shannon-Weaner指数从2.24下降到1.63, 珊瑚食性鱼类生物量从2.45g·m^-2减少到0.43g·m^-2, 肉食性鱼类生物量从7.35g·m^-2减少到1.70g·m^-2, 杂食性鱼类生物量从7.04g·m^-2减少到0.95g·m^-2, 鱼类总生物量从32.99g·m^-2减少到11.66g·m^-2。短短2年内, 银屿珊瑚礁已经被草皮海藻和大型海藻占据优势, 但是鱼类群落对珊瑚礁区的藻类并没有表现出自上而下的控制效应。在4种类群的鱼类中, 植食性鱼类受到生态退化的影响最小。珊瑚礁鱼类的物种丰富度和多样性均受限于珊瑚物种丰富度。基于以上结果, 推测银屿珊瑚礁的快速退化是导致珊瑚礁区鱼类群落物种多样性和密度下降, 改变珊瑚礁鱼类群落的结构的主要原因。希望未来进一步增加调查的频率和范围, 以便更深入地揭示鱼类群落与珊瑚礁生态变化的动态关系。

关键词: 珊瑚礁, 生态退化, 鱼类群落, 银屿, 西沙群岛

Abstract:

The degradation of coral reef ecosystem can alter the topographic complexity and biotic composition, thereby affecting the coral reef fish community significantly. Coral reefs in the South China Sea have undergone rapid degradation in recent decades, but the ecological consequences for coral reef fish community remain unclear. The coral reefs of the Xisha Islands have experienced ecological degradation in recent years due to the impacts of high temperature and the outbreak of crown-of-thorns starfish (CoTs). We conducted an ecological investigation on the Yinyu Island of the Xisha Islands, through underwater video transect survey, difference tests and liner regression analysis to assess the ecological degradation of the coral reef and its effect on the coral reef fish community. The results show that: from 2020 to 2021, the live coral cover on the Yinyu Island declined from 33.27%to 9.07%, while the turf algae cover increased from 8.38%to 36.50%. The coral recruitment, species richness and Shannon-Weaner index also decreased from 21.42 ind·m^-2 to 3.64 ind·m^-2, 40.00 to 16.83 and 3.26 to 2.14, respectively. The fish density, species richness, Shannon-Weaner index, declined from 1.77 ind.·m^-2 to 1.05 ind.·m^-2, 30.56 to 17.17 and 2.24 to 1.63, respectively. The biomass of corallivore, carnivore, omnivore and total biomass also declined from 2.45 g·m^-2 to 0.43 g·m^-2, 7.35 g·m^-2 to 1.70 g·m^-2, 7.04 g·m^-2 to 0.95 g·m^-2, and 32.99 g·m^-2 to 11.66 g·m^-2, respectively. Within two years, turf algae and macroalgae have dominated the Yinyu Island, but the fish community has not demonstrated top-down control of algae. Among the four functional groups in the whole fish community, the herbivore functional group is the least affected by ecological degradation. The coral species richness constrains the fish species richness and diversity. Based on the results above, we speculate that the rapid degradation of the Yinyu Island is the main reason for the decreased in species diversity, density and the change in the structure of coral reef fish communities. We hope to further increase the frequency and scope of investigations in the future, in order to reveal more deep dynamic relationship between fish communities and coral reef ecological changes.

Key words: coral reef, ecological degradation, fish community, Yinyu, Xisha Islands

雷明凤, 余克服, 廖芝衡, 陈飚, 黄学勇, 陈小燕. 西沙群岛银屿珊瑚礁的生态快速退化及其对鱼类的影响[J]. 热带海洋学报, 2024, 43(3): 87-99.

LEI Mingfeng, YU Kefu, LIAO Zhiheng, CHEN Biao, HUANG Xueyong, CHEN Xiaoyan. The rapid ecological degradation and its impact on fish of the Yinyu Island in the Xisha Islands[J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2024, 43(3): 87-99.

图/表 6

图1

图2

表1

表2

2020和2021年银屿珊瑚礁鱼类科、属、种及功能类群"

科	属	物种		功能类群	2020	2021
刺盖鱼科	阿波鱼属	三点阿波鱼	Apolemichthys trimaculatus	肉食性	+	+
	刺尻鱼属	海氏刺尻鱼	Centropyge heraldi	珊瑚食性		+
	刺尻鱼属	珠点刺尻鱼	Centropyge vroliki	珊瑚食性	+	+
刺尾鱼科	鼻鱼属	颊吻鼻鱼	Naso lituratus	植食性	+
	刺尾鱼属	橙斑刺尾鱼	Acanthurus olivaceus	植食性		+
		横带刺尾鱼	Acanthurus triostegus	植食性	+
		黄翼刺尾鱼	Acanthurus xanthopterus	植食性	+
		日本刺尾鱼	Acanthurus japonicus	植食性	+
		双斑刺尾鱼	Acanthurus nigrofuscus	植食性	+
	栉齿刺尾鱼属	塞氏栉齿刺尾鱼	Ctenochaetus cyanocheilus	植食性	+	+
		双斑栉齿刺尾鱼	Ctenochaetus binotatus	植食性	+
		栉齿刺尾鱼	Ctenochaetus striatus	植食性	+	+
单角鲀科	前孔鲀属	棘尾前孔鲀	Cantherhines dumerilii	肉食性	+
仿石鲈科	胡椒鲷属	条斑胡椒鲷	Plectorhinchus vittatus	肉食性	+
海鳝科	裸胸鳝属	斑点裸胸鳝	Gymnothorax meleagris	肉食性	+
蝴蝶鱼科	蝴蝶鱼属	鞍斑蝴蝶鱼	Chaetodon ulietensis	杂食性	+
		斑带蝴蝶鱼	Chaetodon punctatofasciatus	珊瑚食性	+
		叉纹蝴蝶鱼	Chaetodon auripes	杂食性	+
		黑背蝴蝶鱼	Chaetodon melannotus	珊瑚食性	+
		华丽蝴蝶鱼	Chaetodon ornatissimus	珊瑚食性	+
		黄蝴蝶鱼	Chaetodon xanthurus	杂食性	+
		密点蝴蝶鱼	Chaetodon citrinellus	珊瑚食性		+
		三带蝴蝶鱼	Chaetodon trifasciatus	珊瑚食性	+	+
		三纹蝴蝶鱼	Chaetodon trifascialis	珊瑚食性	+
蝴蝶鱼科	蝴蝶鱼属	项斑蝴蝶鱼	Chaetodon adiergastos	珊瑚食性	+
	蝴蝶鱼属	珠蝴蝶鱼	Chaetodon kleinii	珊瑚食性	+
	马夫鱼属	金口马夫鱼	Heniochus chrysostomus	珊瑚食性	+
	马夫鱼属	四带马夫鱼	Heniochus singularius	珊瑚食性		+
	镊口鱼属	黄镊口鱼	Forcipiger flavissimus	肉食性	+
	霞蝶鱼属	多鳞霞蝶鱼	Hemitaurichthys polylepis	杂食性	+
金鳞鱼科	棘鳞鱼属	尾斑棘鳞鱼	Sargocentron caudimaculatum	肉食性	+
金鳞鱼科	锯鳞鱼属	孔锯鳞鱼	Myripristis kuntee	杂食性	+
金线鱼科	眶棘鲈属	双线眶棘鲈	Scolopsis bilineata	肉食性	+	+
镰鱼科	镰鱼属	镰鱼	Zanclus cornutus	肉食性	+
鳞鲀科	凹纹鳞鲀属	黄边凹纹鳞鲀	Xanthichthys auromarginatus	杂食性	+
	多棘鳞鲀属	黄鳍多棘鳞鲀	Sufflamen chrysopterum	肉食性	+
	角鳞鲀属	黑边角鳞鲀	Melichthys vidua	杂食性	+	+
隆头鱼科	唇鱼属	横带唇鱼	Cheilinus fasciatus	肉食性	+	+
	唇鱼属	三叶唇鱼	Cheilinus trilobatus	肉食性	+
	粗唇鱼属	横带粗唇鱼	Hemigymnus fasciatus	肉食性	+
	大咽齿鱼属	珠斑大咽齿鱼	Macropharyngodon meleagris	肉食性	+
	海猪鱼属	绿鳍海猪鱼	Halichoeres marginatus	肉食性	+	+
		圃海海猪鱼	Halichoeres hortulanus	肉食性	+
		三斑海猪鱼	Halichoeres trimaculatus	肉食性	+	+
		双睛斑海猪鱼	Halichoeres biocellatus	肉食性	+
	尖唇鱼属	单带尖唇鱼	Oxycheilinus unifasciatus	肉食性	+	+
	尖嘴鱼属	杂色尖嘴鱼	Gomphosus varius	肉食性	+	+
	锦鱼属	鞍斑锦鱼	Thalassoma hardwicke	肉食性	+	+
		钝头锦鱼	Thalassoma amblycephalum	杂食性	+	+
		纵纹锦鱼	Thalassoma quinquevittatum	肉食性	+	+
	盔鱼属	露珠盔鱼	Coris gaimard	肉食性	+
	裂唇鱼属	裂唇鱼	Labroides dimidiatus	肉食性	+	+
		双色裂唇鱼	Labroides bicolor	肉食性		+
		胸斑裂唇鱼	Labroides pectoralis	肉食性	+
	普提鱼属	双带普提鱼	Bodianus bilunulatus	肉食性	+
	普提鱼属	腋斑普提鱼	Bodianus axillaris	肉食性	+
	伸口鱼属	伸口鱼	Epibulus insidiator	肉食性	+
	丝隆头鱼属	黑缘丝隆头鱼	Cirrhilabrus melanomarginatus	杂食性	+	+
	丝隆头鱼属	蓝侧丝隆头鱼	Cirrhilabrus cyanopleura	肉食性		+
	细鳞盔鱼属	狭带细鳞盔鱼	Hologymnosus doliatus	肉食性	+
	紫胸鱼属	黑星紫胸鱼	Stethojulis bandanensis	肉食性	+
裸颊鲷科	齿颌鲷属	金带齿颌鲷	Gnathodentex aureolineatus	肉食性	+
裸颊鲷科	单列齿鲷属	单列齿鲷	Monotaxis grandoculis	肉食性		+
梅鲷科	梅鲷属	蓝黄梅鲷	Caesio teres	杂食性	+
鮨科	侧牙鲈属	侧牙鲈	Variola louti	肉食性	+
	九棘鲈属	斑点九棘鲈	Cephalopholis argus	肉食性	+
		豹纹九棘鲈	Cephalopholis leopardus	肉食性	+
		尾纹九棘鲈	Cephalopholis urodeta	肉食性	+	+
	石斑鱼属	六角石斑鱼	Epinephelus hexagonatus	肉食性		+
	石斑鱼属	吻斑石斑鱼	Epinephelus spilotoceps	肉食性	+
鳍塘鳢科	鳍塘鳢属	黑尾鳍塘鳢	Ptereleotris evides	杂食性	+	+
鳍塘鳢科	线塘鳢属	大口线塘鳢	Nemateleotris magnifica	杂食性	+	+
雀鲷科	凹牙豆娘鱼属	金凹牙豆娘鱼	Amblyglyphidodon aureus	杂食性	+
雀鲷科	豆娘鱼属	五带豆娘鱼	Abudefduf vaigiensis	杂食性	+
雀鲷科	光鳃鱼属	凡氏光鳃鱼	Chromis vanderbilti	杂食性	+	+
		黄尾光鳃鱼	Chromis xanthura	杂食性		+
		蓝绿光鳃鱼	Chromis viridis	杂食性	+
雀鲷科	光鳃鱼属	双斑光鳃鱼	Chromis margaritifer	杂食性	+	+
		条尾光鳃鱼	Chromis ternatensis	杂食性	+	+
		韦氏光鳃鱼	Chromis weberi	杂食性		+
	椒雀鲷属	黑带椒雀鲷	Plectroglyphidodon dickii	杂食性	+	+
	椒雀鲷属	眼斑椒雀鲷	Plectroglyphidodon lacrymatus	杂食性	+	+
	金翅雀鲷属	圆尾金翅雀鲷	Chrysiptera cyanea	杂食性		+
	眶锯雀鲷属	胸斑眶锯雀鲷	Stegastes fasciolatus	植食性	+	+
	雀鲷属	班卡雀鲷	Pomacentrus bankanensis	杂食性	+	+
		菲律宾雀鲷	Pomacentrus philippinus	杂食性	+	+
		孔雀雀鲷	Pomacentrus pavo	杂食性	+	+
		霓虹雀鲷	Pomacentrus coelestis	杂食性	+	+
		王子雀鲷	Pomacentrus vaiuli	杂食性	+
	双锯鱼属	克氏双锯鱼	Amphiprion clarkii	杂食性	+
	宅泥鱼属	三斑宅泥鱼	Dascyllus trimaculatus	杂食性	+	+
	宅泥鱼属	网纹宅泥鱼	Dascyllus reticulatus	杂食性	+	+
鲀科	叉鼻鲀属	黑斑叉鼻鲀	Arothron nigropunctatus	杂食性	+
鳚科	橫口鳚属	黑带橫口鳚	Plagiotremus tapeinosoma	肉食性	+
鳚科	异齿鳚属	巴氏异齿鳚	Ecsenius bathi	植食性	+
虾虎鱼科	矶塘鳢属	胸斑矶塘鳢	Eviota prasites	杂食性		+
箱鲀科	箱鲀属	粒突箱鲀	Ostracion cubicus	杂食性	+
羊鱼科	副鲱鲤属	多带副绯鲤	Parupeneus multifasciatus	肉食性	+	+
鹦嘴鱼科	绿鹦嘴鱼属	污色绿鹦嘴鱼	Chlorurus sordidus	植食性	+	+
	鹦嘴鱼属	弧带鹦嘴鱼	Scarus dimidiatus	植食性	+	+
		黄鞍鹦嘴鱼	Scarus oviceps	植食性	+
		绿唇鹦嘴鱼	Scarus forsteni	植食性	+
		网条鹦嘴鱼	Scarus frenatus	植食性	+
䱵科	副䱵属	副䱵	Paracirrhites arcatus	肉食性	+	+
	金䱵属	尖头金䱵	Cirrhitichthys oxycephalus	肉食性	+	+
	䱵属	䱵	Cirrhitus pinnulatus	肉食性	+

表2

表3

图3

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指标	2020年结果	2021年结果	t	P
活珊瑚覆盖率/%	33.27±2.41	9.07±1.15	9.05	<0.001
壳状珊瑚藻覆盖率/%	29.67±2.79	24.97±4.32	0.92	0.384
草皮海藻覆盖率/%	8.38±2.34	36.50±3.26	-7.01	<0.001
大型海藻覆盖率/%	11.00±2.46	10.57±1.03	0.16	0.874
其他无脊椎动物覆盖率/%	5.64±1.10	9.93±1.28	-2.55	0.027
软珊瑚覆盖率/%	5.36±1.06	1.07±0.10	52.00^*	0.004
礁石覆盖率/%	3.04±0.53	1.23±0.40	2.72	0.018
碎石覆盖率/%	0.84±0.26	0.70±0.47	0.27	0.795
沙覆盖率/%	2.20±0.61	4.23±1.04	-1.69	0.127
近期死亡珊瑚覆盖率/%	0.60±0.25	1.73±0.47	-2.13	0.066
珊瑚补充量/(ind.·m^-2)	21.42±1.25	3.64±0.36	13.6	<0.001
珊瑚物种丰富度	40.00±1.82	16.83±1.14	10.8	<0.001
珊瑚Shannon-Weaner指数	3.26±0.08	2.14±0.28	3.70	0.010

指标	2020年结果	2021年结果	t	P
鱼类密度/(ind.·100m^-2)	177.16±17.96	105.07±18.81	2.77	0.017
鱼类物种丰富度	30.56±1.86	17.17±1.11	6.17	<0.001
鱼类Shannon-Weaner指数	2.24±0.08	1.63±0.14	3.37	0.005
珊瑚食性鱼类生物量/(g·m^-2)	2.45±0.78	0.43±0.14	2.56	0.027
肉食性鱼类生物量/(g·m^-2)	7.35±1.95	1.70±0.32	2.85	0.020
植食性鱼类生物量/(g·m^-2)	16.16±2.32	8.58±2.96	2.02	0.070
杂食性鱼类生物量/(g·m^-2)	7.04±2.32	0.95±0.22	2.61	0.031
鱼类总生物量/(g·m^-2)	32.99±5.58	11.66±2.90	3.39	0.006
鱼类群落长度谱斜率	-0.19±0.21	-0.15±0.01	-3.78	0.008
鱼类群落长度谱截距	6.10±0.09	4.86±0.22	54^*	<0.001

西沙群岛银屿珊瑚礁的生态快速退化及其对鱼类的影响

The rapid ecological degradation and its impact on fish of the Yinyu Island in the Xisha Islands

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