Fig. 1

Horizontal distribution of SSTA and SSSA and the difference between two types of El Ni?o events. (a, c, e) Sea surface temperature; (b, d, f) sea surface salinity; (a, b) CP type; (c, d) EP type; (e, f) CP minus EP"

Fig. 2

Horizontal distributions of correlation coefficient. (a) CP type (EMI index), and (b) EP type (Ni?o3 Index)"

Fig. 3

Horizontal distributions of lead and lag correlation coefficients between the time series of SSSA on each grid and EMI index. SSSA leading SSTA by four months to one month is shown in (a, b, c, d); the zero lead month of SSSA and SSTA is shown in (e); SSSA lagging SSTA by 1~4 months is shown in (f, g, h, i)"

Fig. 4

Horizontal distributions of lead and lag correlation coefficients between the time series of SSSA on each grid and Ni?o3 index. SSSA leading SSTA by four months to one month is shown in (a, b, c, d); the zero lead month of SSSA and SSTA is shown in (e); SSSA lagging SSTA by 1-4 months is shown in (f, g, h, i)"

Fig. 5

Regressions of SSSA on each grid to EMI index (a) and Nino3 index (b)"

Fig. 6

Salinity correlated with the representing time series of CP El Ni?o (EMI index) (a) and EP El Ni?o (Ni?o3 Index) (b). The horizontal distribution of the correlation coefficient is shown. The red and blue boxes represent the characteristic areas of CP El Ni?o and EP El Ni?o, respectively"

Fig. 7

Regressions of SSTA on each grid to SCPI index (a) and SEPI index (b) by ARGO data"

Tab. 1

The temporal and spatial correlation coefficients between the CP/EP El Ni?o and SCPI/SEPI index, and the four EOF modes in the tropical Pacific"

Fig. 8

The first four EOF modes of SSSA (left panels) and the corresponding time coefficients (right panels) in the tropical Pacific"

Fig. 9

The time series of SCPI/EMI index (a), SEPI/ Ni?o3 index (b) and the compound horizontal distribution by SSTA extreme points when reaching the standard of SCPI/SEPI index, (c) CP, and (d) EP"