Fig. 1

Eddy kinetic energy (shading) and geostrophic velocity (vector) of the sea surface in the Kuroshio Extension (black dashed box), based on the AVISO data"

Fig. 2

Spatial distributions of SSH (shading) and surface currents (vector), and SLA of the Kuroshio Extension provided by remote sensing satellite (a, c) and ROMS mode (b, d). The black contours in (c) and (d) are SSH, which indicate the location of the Kuroshio Extension axis."

Fig. 3

Spatial distributions of chlorophyll a concentration (shading) and geostrophic velocity (vector), based on Meris and AVISO data"

Fig. 4

Surface submesoscale kinetic energy distributions in early (a-c), mid (d-f), and late (g-i) development stages of the eddy. Eddy boundary and eddy core are marked by black and red curves in each panel, respectively"

Fig. 5

Time series of SKE in eddy periphery (blue curve), eddy center (red curve), and front function in eddy periphery (green curve) and eddy center (purple curve)"

Fig. 6

Maps of SST (a) and Ro (b) from the R2 simulation. The vectors and white contours in (a) are for surface currents and isotherms, respectively. The black line in (b) is the location of the 37°30'N section analyzed later in the paper"

Fig. 7

Vertical profiles of temperature (a) and potential density (b). Gray contours in (a) and (b) are isotherms and isopycnals, respectively"

Fig. 8

Spatial distributions of the strain rate (a) and Okubo-Weiss parameter (b)"

Fig. 9

Vertical profiles of frontal sharpness (shading), vertical velocity anomaly (black arrows) (a), front function (b), Ro (c), and bouncy flux (d). The grey curve in (a) represents the mixed-layer depth, and the black lines in each panel separate the eddy center and periphery"