浮筏式牡蛎养殖对大型底栖动物群落功能结构的影响——以大鹏澳为例*

doi:10.11978/2023146

Abstract

Abstract:

The environmental and ecological effects of oyster culture are controversial, and the mechanism of its impact on macrobenthic fauna remains unclear. In this study, two comprehensive investigations referring to macrobenthic communities and environmental variables were conducted in November 2020 (autumn) and January 2021 (winter) in a raft-string oyster culture zone and its adjacent waters in the Dapeng Cove. A total of 103 species were obtained, with polychaetes, bivalves, and crustaceans dominating the species composition. Significant seasonal variations were observed, emphasizing the influence of seasonality on macrobenthic communities. Distinct regional differences were also noted between the culture zone and control zone, highlighting the impact of oyster culture on community composition. The community parameters, including species number, density, and biomass, exhibited higher values during winter and in the control zone compared to autumn and the culture zone. The results of biological traits analysis (BTA) indicated that the trait composition of macrobenthic communities differed significantly only between seasons. There was no significant difference in the trait composition of macrobenthic communities between the culture zone and control zone. Nevertheless, regional disparities in bioturbation mode, body size, and feeding type were evident. Functional richness (F_ric) displayed lower values in the culture zone compared to the control zone, whereas functional evenness (F_eve) and functional divergence (F_div) indices remained relatively consistent across regions. This study identified several critical environmental variables shaping macrobenthic community composition, including chlorophyll a, suspended matter, nutrients, sediment organic carbon, sulfide levels, and sediment particle size. Notably, the feeding type, living habit, and larval development patterns of macrobenthic fauna closely correlated with environmental variables. Furthermore, both the species richness (d) and the functional richness (F_ric) indices emerged as valuable environmental indicators.

Key words: macrobenthic fauna, oyster culture, species diversity, functional diversity, biological traits analysis

RAO Yiyong, ZHAO Meirong, KUANG Zexing, HUANG Honghui, TAN Erhui. Influence of raft-string oyster culture on the functional structure of macrobenthic communities: a case study in the Dapeng Cove^*[J].Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2024, 43(5): 69-83.

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检测要素	检测标准(方法)	检出限	仪器设备名称及型号
悬浮物	海洋监测规范第4部分: 海水分析GB 17378.4-2007 (重量法)	0.8mg·L^-1	分析天平XS205
亚硝酸盐	海洋监测规范第4部分: 海水分析GB 17378.4-2007 (萘乙二胺分光光度法)	0.0003mg·L^-1	紫外分光光度计UV-7504
硝酸盐	海洋监测规范第4部分: 海水分析GB 17378.4-2007 (镉柱还原法)	0.003mg·L^-1	紫外分光光度计UV-7504
铵盐	海洋监测规范第4部分: 海水分析GB 17378.4-2007 (靛酚蓝分光光度法)	0.0009mg·L^-1	紫外分光光度计UV-7504
活性磷酸盐	海洋监测规范第4部分: 海水分析GB 17378.4-2007 (磷钼蓝分光光度法)	0.0005mg·L^-1	紫外分光光度计UV-7504
叶绿素a	海洋监测规范第7部分: 近海污染生态调查和生物监测GB 17378.7-2007 (荧光分光光度法)	/	TURNER10-AU现场荧光仪
中值粒径	激光衍射法	0.02μm	Mastersizer 2000G 激光粒度分析仪
有机碳	海洋监测规范第5部分: 沉积物分析GB 17378.5-2007 (重铬酸钾氧化-还原容量法)	0.3mg·kg^-1	紫外分光光度计UV-7504
硫化物	海洋监测规范第5部分: 沉积物分析GB 17378.5-2007 (亚甲基蓝分光光度法)	0.01%	滴定管

性状	性状类别	代码	功能属性
个体大小	极小 (<1cm)	S1	个体大小对生产力、栖息地的结构和增益程度具有直接影响, 并对沉积物-水界面的氧气和养分通量产生重要影响。并与生态系统的食物网结构、营养级和能流有关(Bolam et al, 2014)
	小 (1~3cm)	S2
	中 (3~10cm)	S3
	大 (>10cm)	S4
个体寿命	短 (<1a)	A1	反映生物受到扰动的恢复力, 寿命长的生物需要更长的时间来恢复, 而寿命短的生物可以快速恢复, 并可能随着干扰的增加而增多(Bolam et al, 2014)
	中 (1~3a)	A2
	长 (>3a)	A3
摄食类型	悬浮食性	F1	指示水动力条件, 例如悬浮食性生物一般生活于急流中; 影响氧气的渗透、资源的利用、有机物的分解和养分的循环/再生; 对群落中其他物种的控制作用(Bremner, 2008)
	沉积食性	F2
	植食性	F3
	腐食性	F4
	捕食性	F5
栖息习性	管栖	L1	栖息习性对沉积物的生物地球化学循环具有直接影响, 同时, 栖息习性不同的生物对捕食和扰动具有不同的响应, 如附着生物易受捕食; 穴居和管栖的生物受缺氧环境影响较小(Bremner, 2008)
	穴居	L2
	自由生活	L3
	附着	L4
幼体发育	营浮游发育	D1	物种扩散、入侵或从种群减少中恢复的能力。通常营浮游发育的物种的扩散能力要高于底栖直接发育的物种(Bolam et al, 2014)
幼体发育	底栖直接发育	D2
生物扰动	底表沉积	B1	影响沉积物的生物地球化学循环和理化性质(沉积物粒径、氧化还原电位等) (Queirós et al, 2013)
	向上传输	B2
	向下传输	B3
	扩散混合	B4

环境因子		秋季		冬季
环境因子		养殖区	对照区	养殖区	对照区
水环境	叶绿素a /(mg·m^-3)	2.98 (1.06)	2.64 (0.14)	0.88 (0.29)	0.93 (0.15)
	悬浮物/(mg·L^-1)	16.3 (2.2)	8.9 (2.2)	8.7 (0.4)	8.7 (0.5)
	亚硝酸盐/(mg·L^-1)	0.0028 (0.0007)	0.0027 (0.0025)	0.0012 (0.0002)	0.0003 (0.0004)
	硝酸盐/(mg·L^-1)	0.097 (0.048)	0.181 (0.192)	0.033 (0.003)	0.021 (0.012)
	铵盐/(mg·L^-1)	0.020 (0.020)	0.014 (0.009)	0.026 (0.008)	0.011 (0.003)
	活性磷酸盐/(mg·L^-1)	0.0061 (0.0029)	0.0055 (0.0013)	0.0041 (0.0006)	0.0039 (0.0010)
沉积环境	有机碳/%	2.83 (0.18)	2.19 (0.05)	1.37 (0.11)	0.67 (0.07)
	硫化物/(mg·kg^-1)	484.33 (73.11)	461.67 (141.55)	10.20 (10.53)	7.41 (2.04)
	中值粒径/μm	10.44 (1.02)	40.30 (37.75)	11.48 (1.04)	17.95 (2.65)

类群	种名	季节间			区域间
		栖息密度/(ind·m^-2)		贡献度/%	栖息密度/(ind·m^-2)		贡献度/%
		秋季	冬季	贡献度/%	养殖区	对照区	贡献度/%
多毛类	背褶沙蚕 Tambalagamia fauveli	95	15	2.4	102	8	3.0
	才女虫 Polydora sp.	5	42	1.9	27	20	1.3
	寡节甘吻沙蚕 Glycinde gurjanovae	75	158	2.2	62	172	2.4
	寡鳃齿吻沙蚕 Nephtys oligobranchia	23	98	2.1	50	72	1.7
	花冈钩毛虫 Sigambra hanaokai	158	158	2.0	143	173	2.3
	滑指矶沙蚕 Eunice indica	62	67	1.5	38	90	1.7
	角海蛹 Ophelina acuminate	10	55	2.0	38	27	1.4
	欧努菲虫 Onuphis eremita	42	47	2.0	0	88	3.5
	蛇杂毛虫 Poecilochaetus serpens	35	25	1.8	10	50	1.8
	梳鳃虫 Terebellides stroemii	50	73	2.4	90	33	2.4
	树蛰虫 Pista cristata	7	117	2.5	7	117	2.5
	细丝鳃虫 Cirratulus filiformis	118	130	1.9	95	153	1.8
	持真节虫 Euclymene annandalei	42	15	4.5	3	53	2.1
	稚齿虫 Prionospi sp.	8	125	3.2	98	35	2.3
双壳类	安汶圆蛤 Cycladicama amboinensis	123	22	1.7	15	130	2.1
	波纹螂斗蛤 Myadora fluctuosa	3	42	2.0	17	28	1.5
	粗帝汶蛤 Timoclea scabra	22	603	5.4	30	595	5.2
	虹光亮樱蛤 Nitidotellina iridella	150	33	2.3	15	168	2.7
	理蛤 Theora lata	27	27	1.5	43	10	2.2
甲壳类	巴西地钩虾 Podocerus brasiliensis	0	292	4.8	242	50	3.2
	蜾蠃蜚 Corophium sp.	0	47	1.7	47	0	1.4
	宽甲古涟虫 Eucoma lata	2	67	1.9	0	68	2.0
	六齿拟钩虾 Gammaropsis sexdentata	37	197	3.6	218	15	4.0
	双眼钩虾 Ampelisca sp.	2	133	2.9	0	135	3.0
平均相异性 /%		61.6			62.0

性状	性状类别	季节间			区域间
		群落加权平均性状值		贡献度/%	群落加权平均性状值		贡献度/%
		秋季	冬季	贡献度/%	养殖区	对照区	贡献度/%
个体大小	S1 (极小个体)	0.15	0.29	5.2	0.29	0.15	5.6
	S2 (小个体)	0.44	0.39	5.4	0.42	0.42	5.8
	S3 (中等个体)	0.35	0.31	4.4	0.27	0.39	5.5
	S4 (大个体)	0.05	0.02	1.2	0.03	0.04	0.9
个体寿命	A1 (短寿命)	0.25	0.37	6.3	0.42	0.19	7.9
	A2 (中等寿命)	0.56	0.49	5.1	0.45	0.59	5.7
	A3 (长寿命)	0.20	0.14	2.6	0.13	0.21	3.3
摄食类型	F1 (悬浮食性)	0.12	0.31	6.2	0.17	0.26	5.7
	F2 (沉积食性)	0.35	0.31	3.5	0.31	0.35	4.0
	F3 (极小个体)	0.01	0.09	2.3	0.07	0.03	2.0
	F4 (腐食性)	0.01	0.00	0.2	0.00	0.01	0.2
	F5 (捕食性)	0.51	0.29	7.4	0.45	0.36	5.9
栖息习性	L1 (管栖)	0.10	0.14	2.2	0.09	0.15	2.7
	L2 (穴居)	0.40	0.58	6.9	0.50	0.48	6.6
	L3 (自由生活)	0.49	0.27	8.0	0.40	0.36	6.6
	L4 (附着)	0.01	0.01	0.4	0.01	0.00	0.4
幼体发育	D1 (营浮游发育)	0.71	0.56	6.2	0.58	0.68	6.0
幼体发育	D2 (底栖直接发育)	0.29	0.44	6.2	0.42	0.32	6.0
生物扰动	B1 (底表沉积)	0.30	0.34	5.3	0.23	0.41	6.6
	B2 (向上传输)	0.10	0.21	3.6	0.17	0.13	2.8
	B3 (向下传输)	0.11	0.20	3.2	0.17	0.14	3.1
	B4 (扩散混合)	0.49	0.25	8.3	0.42	0.32	6.7
平均相异性/%		27.1			25.2

Influence of raft-string oyster culture on the functional structure of macrobenthic communities: a case study in the Dapeng Cove^*

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Influence of raft-string oyster culture on the functional structure of macrobenthic communities: a case study in the Dapeng Cove*

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Influence of raft-string oyster culture on the functional structure of macrobenthic communities: a case study in the Dapeng Cove^*