海下地质储氢技术研究进展及挑战*

doi:10.11978/2024115

Abstract

Abstract:

With the growing global demand for clean energy, hydrogen energy, as an important renewable energy reserve, has garnered widespread attention for its storage technology. Onshore hydrogen storage systems pose risks such as hydrogen leakage, drinking water contamination, and catastrophic injuries. In contrast, offshore geological environments are relatively stable and well-sealed, leading to widespread attention to and rapid development of offshore hydrogen storage technology. Currently, the main underground gas storage technologies include salt caverns, aquifers, and depleted oil and gas reservoirs. Salt cavern gas storage has been operating for many years in Europe and the USA and has a relatively mature technical foundation. However, there are no suitable locations for constructing salt caverns along China’s coast, which limits the build-up of salt cavern hydrogen storage to inland regions. However, China’s coastal areas have abundant underground aquifers and oil and gas reservoirs, necessitating timely related geological research to promote the development and application of relevant technologies in different marine areas and the comprehensive development of the hydrogen energy industry. Developing offshore hydrogen storage technology requires not only integrating the unique geological conditions of the margin with the special physical and chemical properties of hydrogen, but also considering geological, hydrological, biochemical, and mineralogical factors to ensure a rational planning and safe operation, in addition to using the latest geophysical methods in site selection. Looking ahead, offshore hydrogen storage technology will not only provide theoretical support for the development of renewable energy technologies in China but also play a significant role in promoting a low-carbon, green, and sustainable development.

Key words: hydrogen storage, offshore, salt cavern, aquifer, oil and gas reservoir

CLC Number:

P744.41

GUAN Huixin, ZHAO Minghui, HUANG Ruifang, XU Hehua. Research progress and challenges of offshore geological hydrogen storage technology^*[J].Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2025, 44(2): 1-17.

Figures/Tables 13

Tab. 1

Fig. 1

Tab. 2

Underground salt cavern hydrogen storage projects in selected countries"

项目名称	所属国家	牵头组织机构	研究目的	研究周期
Plan-DelyKaD	德国	德国航空航天中心	深入比较相关的电解技术, 确定和选择德国最相关的盐穴地点的标准, 研究将存储的氢应用于不同终端用户的商业案例潜力, 并致力于确定大规模存储的氢在德国能源系统中的未来作用。	2012—2014年
InSpEE	德国	KBB地下技术有限公司	盐穴设计原则与基础地质/岩土数据、盐穴的选址标准的开发和部署, 以及德国北部盆地盐构造的可再生能源储存潜力的评估。	2015年结束
H₂ research cavern	德国	HYPOS联盟(hydrogen power storage & solutions east Germany)	开发并正式批准一个盐穴储氢研究平台。	2019年5月— 2021年6月
HyCAVmobil	德国	德国氢和燃料电池技术组织	测试氢是否可以储存在盐穴中, 然后用于燃料电池车。	2019年6月— 2022年5月
STOPIL H₂	法国	Storengy	在法国真正的盐洞中进行氢储存的工业试验。	2019—2020年
HyPSTER	法国	Storengy	利用盐穴储存电解氢并与工业和出行用途相连接。测试该技术在欧洲其他地区的技术和经济可复制性。	2021—2023年
HyStock	荷兰	Gasunie	研究和测试荷兰北部盐穴大规模储存绿氢。	2020至今
RP1.10-08	澳大利亚	Future fuels cooperative research centre	研究和测试澳大利亚大规模地下储存氢气的可行性, 评估预期需求。	2021—2024年
HyStorPor	英国	Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council	评估氢气储存在英国地下储层(包括滨海地下盐穴)岩石中的可行性。	2023年结束
HyUsPRe	英国	Horizon 2020 Framework Programme	评估欧洲的多孔储层中实施大规模储存氢气的可行性和潜力。	2021—2023年
Underground Sun Storage	奥地利	Rohöl-Aufsuchungs Aktiengesellschaft Austria AG Company	将可再生能源以氢气形式安全、季节性、大规模储存在地下枯竭油气田中的技术。	2017—2030年
Hychico	阿根廷	Capex Company	是一个结合了风电场、氢气生产和地下储存的项目。在地下油气藏中储存90%的甲烷和10%的氢气。	2010—2018年
RWE-Lobodice/Haje	捷克	Gas Storage Českárepublika	在地下含水层中储存一种含50%氢气和25%甲烷的混合气体, 供应所在城市的煤气需求。	1962年至今
Beynes	法国	Gaz de France	通过地下盐水层储存含有50%~60%的氢气。经过一年储存后提取的气体中含有微量的镍和铁羰基化合物, 1973年被改为天然气储存场所。	1956—1972年
Ketzin	德国	GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences and Ketzin partners	通过地下含水层储存氢气、甲烷和二氧化碳。其中氢气含量为62%。	2008—2013年
FRS(170)/2022-2023/PE	印度	印度理工学院	评估印度滨海地层中实施大规模储存氢气的可行性。	2022—2023年

Tab. 2

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储氢方式	技术手段	储氢类型	优势	缺陷	储氢价格/(USD·kg^-1)
盐穴储氢库	通过水溶开采方式, 在地下较厚盐岩层或盐丘层制造洞穴, 形成空间以储存气体。	纯氢	1. 技术较成熟; 2. 盐岩自我封闭性好, 能够有效防止氢气泄漏; 3. 储库压力上下限较宽, 储氢效率高。	1. 选址受限(必须挑选盐层较厚地层); 2. 前期建造成本较高, 容积相对较小。	1.61
含水层储氢库	通过向盖层下注气驱替岩层中的水来储存氢气。	与CH₄、CO₂、CO等其他气体以一定比例混合	1. 潜在库址资源广; 2. 地层条件合适可大规模储氢。	1. 可能对周围地下水资源和生态系统产生不良影响; 2. 储库内氢气与原位细菌发生反应可能产生甲烷、硫化氢等气体, 损耗和污染氢气, 降低储氢效率。	1.29
枯竭油气藏储氢库	通过已采尽原有油气资源的地下储层来储存氢气。	与CH₄、CO₂、CO等其他气体以一定比例混合	1. 容积大、密封性好、分布广; 2. 可大量利用现有地面地下设施, 前期建设成本低, 储氢综合成本最低。	1. 缺乏相关地质力学现象的研究; 2. 缺乏对单个岩性岩石类型的地质力学相互作用的综合研究。	1.23

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Research progress and challenges of offshore geological hydrogen storage technology*

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Research progress and challenges of offshore geological hydrogen storage technology^*