Fig. 1

Picture of installed device of non-convective system"

Fig. 2

Flow chart of data processing"

Fig. 3

Morphology and Fv/Fm values of dying and healthy P. hardmaniana cells. (a) Girdle view of a healthy P. hardmaniana cell under a light microscope; (b) girdle view of a dying P. hardmaniana cell under a light microscope; (c) Fv/Fm values of the healthy and heat-treated P. hardmaniana cells (** indicates a highly significant difference, P<0.01)"

Fig. 4

Temporal and frequency characteristics of the sinking behavior of P. hardmaniana cells between the dying and healthy groups during the 150 seconds of observation time. (a) Box plot of the instantaneous sinking speed of P. hardmaniana cells in the dying and healthy groups (10 cells); (b) box plot of sinking distances of P. hardmaniana cells in the dying and healthy groups within 150 seconds (10 cells); (c) distribution of instantaneous sinking speed of all observed cells in the dying and healthy groups during the 150 seconds of sedimentation process; (d) curve showing the variations of instantaneous sinking speed over time for a dying cell and a healthy cell of P. hardmaniana"

Fig. 5

Sample graph of wavelet power spectra for a dying (b) and healthy (a) P. hardmaniana cell. The white dashed line represents the cone of influence (COI) and the area outside of it is subject to edge effects and the accuracy of signal characteristics may be affected"

Fig. 6

The number of behavioral regulation events and their duration during the sinking process of dying and healthy P. hardmaniana cells (Data obtained from the wavelet power spectrum statistics of 10 dying cells and 10 healthy cells). (a) Duration of all observed active regulation behaviors in both dying and healthy cells; (b) column for the regulation duration of dying and healthy cells; (c) column for the mean regulation frequency of dying and healthy cells"

Fig. 7

The frequency and power of behavioral regulation during the sinking process of dying and healthy P. hardmaniana cells (Data obtained from the wavelet power spectrum statistics of 10 dying cells and 10 healthy cells). The plots in (a) and (b) representing the duration of sinking regulation and its corresponding median frequency for 10 healthy cells and 10 dying cells, respectively; (c) and (d) showing the range of frequencies (mHz) for all sinking regulation of 10 healthy cells and 10 dying cells, respectively; (e) and (f) presenting the range of power (mm2·s-2) for all sinking regulation of 10 healthy cells and 10 dying cells, respectively."

Fig. 8

Sample graph of wavelet coherence spectrum of sinking behavior in dying and healthy P. hardmaniana cells"

Fig. 9

Statistics of wavelet coherence spectra for the sinking behavior of 10 non-repeating random pairs of dying and healthy cells. (a) The statistics of each in-phase, anti-phase and out-of-phase situation at different frequencies; (b) the duration of each in-phase, anti-phase and out-of-phase situation across different frequency ranges; (c) the coherence values of each in-phase, anti-phase and out-of-phase situation at different frequencies"