西沙群岛浪花礁珊瑚礁鱼类种类组成与演替

doi:10.11978/2023193

Abstract

Abstract:

To elucidate the species composition of fishes in the Langhua Reef of Xisha Islands, reveal their evolutionary traits, and ensure the protection and sustainable use of coral reef fishes in this region, a comprehensive survey was conducted in 2023. Employing techniques such as dive-fishing, hand-fishing, underwater videography, and environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis, this study integrated historical data from 1979, 1998—1999, and 2003 to analyze the species composition and temporal fluctuations in the fish population of the Langhua Reef. To date, a total of 259 fish species have been identified in the reef, classified into 12 orders, 47 families, and 115 genera. Among these, the most populous are the perch-like species, accounting for 200 varieties. The results indicate an exponential relationship between the number of fish species in the reef and their corresponding maximum overall length, with a significant decline in species count as the maximum length increases. Predominantly, the reef is inhabited by small-sized and carnivorous fish, constituting 49.03% and 59.07% of the total species, respectively. The 2023 survey highlighted that 77 fish species, previously recorded in historical data, have not been observed in recent years, predominantly among carnivorous types. Notably, almost all large fish in the reef are carnivorous. Seven species, listed on the IUCN Red List and categorized as large fish, were absent from the current study, with the exception of the brown-spotted grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus).The species composition, dietary patterns, and historical similarity indices of the Langhua Reef fish varied significantly, especially among large and carnivorous species, which demonstrated the lowest similarity indices. Furthermore, the study revealed a downward trend in both the mean taxonomic distinctness index (Δ⁺) and the variance in taxonomic distinctness index (Λ⁺), falling significantly below the 95% confidence intervals. These findings suggest that environmental disturbances, climate change, and human activities have led to a notable turnover in the fish composition of the reef, with large carnivorous species being the most severely affected. This research provides a theoretical reference for a deeper understanding, effective management, and conservation of the Langhua Reef coral reef ecosystem. It also offers foundational data and scientific insights crucial for the restoration of the coral reef ecosystem.

Key words: Xisha Islands, Langhua Reef, coral reef fish, taxonomic diversity, succession

CLC Number:

S932.4

XIE Hongyu, LIU Yong, LI Chunhou, ZHAO Jinfa, SUN Jinhui, SHEN Jianzhong, SHI Juan, WANG Teng. Species composition and evolutionary characteristics of coral reef fish in the Langhua Reef, Xisha Islands[J].Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2024, 43(6): 114-128.

Figures/Tables 10

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Tab. 1

Appendix. 1

List of coral reef fishes in Langhua Reef"

目	科	种	1979—2003	2023
真鲨目Carcharhiniformes	真鲨科Carcharhinidae	尖吻斜锯牙鲨Rhizoprionodon acutus	+
	真鲨科Carcharhinidae	鼬鲨Galeocerdo cuvier	+
	双髻鲨科Sphyrnidae	路易氏双髻鲨Sphyrna lewini	+
鲼目Myliobatiformes	燕魟科Gymnuridae	日本燕魟Gymnura japonica	+
鲼目Myliobatiformes	魟科Dasyatidae	黄魟Dasyatis bennettii	+
六鳃鲨目Hexanchiformes	六鳃鲨科Hexanchidae	灰六鳃鲨Hexanchus griseus	+
鲈形目Perciformes	刺盖鱼科Pomacanthidae	双棘刺尻鱼Centropyge bispinosa		+
	刺盖鱼科Pomacanthidae	福氏刺尻鱼Centropyge vrolikii		+
	刺尾鱼科Acanthuridae	日本刺尾鱼Acanthurus japonicus		+
		纵带刺尾鱼Acanthurus lineatus		+
		白面刺尾鱼Acanthurus nigricans	+
		褐斑刺尾鱼Acanthurus nigrofuscus	+	+
		橙斑刺尾鱼Acanthurus olivaceus	+	+
		横带刺尾鱼Acanthurus triostegus	+	+
		双斑栉齿刺尾鱼Ctenochaetus binotatus		+
		栉齿刺尾鱼Ctenochaetus striatus		+
		短吻鼻鱼Naso brevirostris	+	+
		六棘鼻鱼Naso hexacanthus		+
		颊吻鼻鱼Naso lituratus	+	+
		方吻鼻鱼Naso mcdadei		+
		单板鼻鱼Naso thynnoides	+
		单角鼻鱼Naso unicornis		+
		小高鳍刺尾鱼Zebrasoma scopas		+
		横带高鳍刺尾鱼Zebrasoma velifer		+
	大眼鲷科Priacanthidae	金目大眼鲷Priacanthus hamrur	+
	单鳍鱼科Pempheridae	黑单鳍鱼Pempheris oualensis	+
	笛鲷科Lutjanidae	叉尾鲷Aphareus furca	+	+
		红叉尾鲷Aphareus rutilans	+
		蓝短鳍笛鲷Aprion virescens	+	+
		笛鲷Lutjanus bengalensis		+
		白斑笛鲷Lutjanus bohar	+
		四线笛鲷Lutjanus kasmira	+	+
		冲绳若梅鲷Paracaesio sordida	+
		丝鳍紫鱼Pristipomoides filamentosus	+
		黄鳍紫鱼Pristipomoides flavipinnis	+
		西氏紫鱼Pristipomoides sieboldii		+
	仿石鲈科Haemulidae	条斑胡椒鲷Plectorhinchus vittatus		+
	拟鲈科Pinguipedidae	四斑拟鲈Parapercis clathrata		+
		圆拟鲈Parapercis cylindrica		+
	蝴蝶鱼科Chaetodontidae	丝蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon auriga		+
		密点蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon citrinellus	+	+
		珠蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon kleinii		+
		弓月蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon lunulatus		+
		黑背蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon melannotus		+
		格纹蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon rafflesii		+
		三纹蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon trifascialis	+
		单斑蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon unimaculatus		+
		黄镊口鱼Forcipiger flavissimus		+
		长吻镊口鱼Forcipiger longirostris	+
		多鳞霞蝶鱼Hemitaurichthys polylepis		+
		金口马夫鱼Heniochus chrysostomus	+	+
		副蝴蝶鱼Parachaetodon ocellatus	+
	金线鱼科Nemipteridae	线纹眶棘鲈Scolopsis lineata	+	+
		条纹眶棘鲈Scolopsis taenioptera	+
		三带眶棘鲈Scolopsis trilineata		+
	篮子鱼科Siganidae	银色篮子鱼Siganus argenteus		+
		长鳍篮子鱼Siganus canaliculatus	+
		褐篮子鱼Siganus fuscescens	+
		星斑篮子鱼Siganus guttatus		+
		斑篮子鱼Siganus punctatus		+
		蠕纹篮子鱼Siganus vermiculatus		+
		狐篮子鱼Siganus vulpinus	+
	镰鱼科Zanclidae	角镰鱼Zanclus cornutus	+	+
	隆头鱼科Labridae	单线突唇鱼Labrichthys unilineatus	+
		乌尾阿南鱼Anampses melanurus	+
		星阿南鱼Anampses twistii		+
		腋斑普提鱼Bodianus axillaris		+
		双带普提鱼Bodianus bilunulatus	+
		黑带普提鱼Bodianus macrourus	+
		绿尾唇鱼Cheilinus chlorourus	+
		横带唇鱼Cheilinus fasciatus		+
		三叶唇鱼Cheilinus trilobatus	+	+
		黑缘丝隆头鱼Cirrhilabrus melanomarginatus		+
		鳃斑盔鱼Coris aygula		+
		露珠盔鱼Coris gaimard		+
		伸口鱼Epibulus insidiator	+	+
		杂色尖嘴鱼Gomphosus varius		+
		双眼斑海猪鱼Halichoeres biocellatus		+
		格纹海猪鱼Halichoeres hortulanus		+
		斑点海猪鱼Halichoeres margaritaceus		+
		胸斑海猪鱼Halichoeres melanochir	+
		星云海猪鱼Halichoeres nebulosus		+
		三斑海猪鱼Halichoeres trimaculatus		+
		六斑海猪鱼Halichoeres semicinctus	+
		横带厚唇鱼Hemigymnus fasciatus		+
		黑鳍厚唇鱼Hemigymnus melapterus	+	+
		狭带细鳞盔鱼Hologymnosus doliatus	+
		双色裂唇鱼Labroides bicolor		+
		裂唇鱼Labroides dimidiatus		+
		多纹褶唇鱼Labropsis xanthonota		+
		珠斑大咽齿鱼Macropharyngodon meleagris	+	+
		带尾美鳍鱼Novaculichthys taeniourus	+	+
		双斑尖唇鱼Oxycheilinus bimaculatus		+
		双线尖唇鱼Oxycheilinus digramma		+
		单带尖唇鱼Oxycheilinus unifasciatus	+	+
		姬拟唇鱼Pseudocheilinus evanidus		+
		八带拟唇鱼Pseudocheilinus octotaenia		+
		黑星紫胸鱼Stethojulis bandanensis		+
		钝头锦鱼Thalassoma amblycephalum		+
		新月锦鱼Thalassoma lunare	+	+
		紫锦鱼Thalassoma purpureum		+
		纵纹锦鱼Thalassoma quinquevittatum		+
		金带齿颌鲷Gnathodentex aureolineatus	+	+
		灰裸顶鲷Gymnocranius griseus	+
		红棘裸颊鲷Lethrinus erythracanthus	+
		红鳍裸颊鲷Lethrinus haematopterus	+
		带裸颊鲷Lethrinus obsoletus		+
		短吻裸颊鲷Lethrinus ornatus	+
		红裸颊鲷Lethrinus rubrioperculatus		+
		杂色裸颊鲷Lethrinus variegatus	+
		单列齿鲷Monotaxis grandoculis		+
		褐梅鲷Pterocaesio caerulaurea	+
		新月梅鲷Caesio lunaris	+
		马氏鳞鳍梅鲷Pterocaesio marri		+
		黑带鳞鳍梅鲷Pterocaesio tile		+
		红嘴烟鲈Aethaloperca rogaa		+
		白线光腭鲈Anyperodon leucogrammicus	+
		斑点九棘鲈Cephalopholis argus	+	+
		橙点九棘鲈Cephalopholis aurantia	+	+
		索氏九棘鲈Cephalopholis sonnerati		+
		尾纹九棘鲈Cephalopholis urodeta	+	+
		蓝鳍石斑鱼Epinephelus cyanopodus	+
		横条石斑鱼Epinephelus fasciatus	+	+
		棕点石斑鱼Epinephelus fuscoguttatus		+
		六角石斑鱼Epinephelus hexagonatus	+	+
		宽带石斑鱼Epinephelus latifasciatus	+
		蜂巢石斑鱼Epinephelus merra	+	+
		吻斑石斑鱼Epinephelus spilotoceps		+
		豹纹鳃棘鲈Plectropomus leopardus	+
		紫红拟花鮨Mirolabrichthys pascalus		+
		白边侧牙鲈Variola albimarginata		+
		鲣Katsuwonus pelamis		+
		中华马鲛Scomberomorus sinensis		+
		五带豆娘鱼Abudefduf vaigiensis	+	+
		双斑光鳃鱼Pycnochromis margaritifer		+
		凡氏光鳃鱼Pycnochromis vanderbilti		+
		蓝绿光鳃鱼Chromis viridis		+
		双斑金翅雀鲷Chrysiptera biocellata	+	+
		勃氏金翅雀鲷Chrysiptera brownriggii		+
		圆尾金翅雀鲷Chrysiptera cyanea	+
		宅泥鱼Dascyllus aruanus		+
		三斑宅泥鱼Dascyllus trimaculatus		+
		显盘雀鲷Dischistodus perspicillatus	+	+
		眼斑椒雀鲷Stegastes lacrymatus	+
		安汶雀鲷Pomacentrus ambionensis		+
		班卡雀鲷Pomacentrus bankanensis		+
		摩鹿加雀鲷Pomacentrus moluccensis	+
		菲律宾雀鲷Pomacentrus philippinus		+
		王子雀鲷Pomacentrus vaiuli		+
		李氏波光鳃鱼Pomachromis richardsoni		+
		胸斑眶锯雀鲷Plectroglyphidodon fasciolatus		+
		长吻眶锯雀鲷Stegastes lividus		+
	蛇鲭科Gempylidae	蛇鲭Gempylus serpens		+
	鲹科Carangidae	珍鲹Caranx ignobilis	+	+
		黑尻鲹Caranx melampygus	+
		颌圆鲹Decapterus macarellus		+
		长身圆鲹Decapterus macrosoma	+
	天竺鲷科Apogonidae	五带巨牙天竺鲷Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus		+
		印度洋天竺Jaydia striatodes		+
		九线鹦天竺鲷Ostorhinchus novemfasciatus		+
		丽鳍棘眼天竺鲷Pristiapogon kallopterus		+
	鮀科Kyphosidae	长鳍鿳 Kyphosus cinerascens		+
	鳚科Blenniidae	斑穗肩鳚Cirripectes quagga		+
	鳚科Blenniidae	巴氏异齿鳚Ecsenius bathi		+
		细纹凤鳚Salarias fasciatus		+
	䱵科Cirrhitidae	双斑钝䱵Amblycirrhitus bimacula		+
		翼䱵Cirrhitus pinnulatus	+	+
		副䱵Paracirrhites arcatus	+	+
	鰕虎科Gobiidae	特氏矶塘鳢Eviota teresae		+
	鰕虎科Gobiidae	丝条凡塘鳢Valenciennea strigata	+
	小带鳚科Ptereleotridae	大口线塘鳢Nemateleotris magnifica		+
		黑尾鳍塘鳢Ptereleotris evides		+
		尾斑鳍塘鳢Ptereleotris heteroptera		+
	羊鱼科Mullidae	无斑拟鱼Mulloidichthys vanicolensis	+	+
		条斑副绯鲤Parupeneus barberinus	+	+
		黄带副绯鲤Parupeneus chrysopleuron		+
		圆口副绯鲤Parupeneus cyclostomus	+
		七棘副绯鲤Parupeneus heptacanthus	+
		多带副绯鲤Parupeneus multifasciatus		+
		三带副绯鲤Parupeneus trifasciatus	+
	银鲈科Gerreidae	长棘银鲈Gerres filamentosus	+
	鮣科Echeneidae	Echeneis naucrates		+
	鹦嘴鱼科Scaridae	星眼绚鹦嘴鱼Calotomus carolinus		+
		日本绚鹦嘴鱼Calotomus japonicus	+
		凹尾绚鹦嘴鱼Calotomus spinidens	+
		双色鲸鹦嘴鱼Cetoscarus bicolor	+
		小鼻绿鹦嘴鱼Chlorurus microrhinos		+
		蓝头绿鹦嘴鱼Chlorurus sordidus	+	+
		尾斑绿鹦嘴鱼Chlorurus spilurus		+
		长头马鹦嘴鱼Hipposcarus longiceps	+
		弧带鹦嘴鱼Scarus dimidiatus	+
		锈色鹦嘴鱼Scarus ferrugineus	+
		绿唇鹦嘴鱼Scarus forsteni	+	+
		青点鹦嘴鱼Scarus ghobban	+
		黑斑鹦嘴鱼Scarus globiceps	+	+
		黑鹦嘴鱼Scarus niger	+
		黄鞍鹦嘴鱼Scarus oviceps	+	+
		突额鹦嘴鱼Scarus ovifrons		+
		绿颌鹦嘴鱼Scarus prasiognathos	+
		棕吻鹦嘴鱼Scarus psittacus	+	+
		截尾鹦嘴鱼Scarus rivulatus	+	+
		钝头鹦嘴鱼Scarus rubroviolaceus		+
		许氏鹦嘴鱼Scarus schlegeli		+
		刺鹦嘴鱼Scarus spinus		+
		三色鹦嘴鱼Scarus tricolor	+
	魣科Sphyraenidae	大魣Sphyraena barracuda	+
鲀形目Tetraodontiformes	鳞鲀科Balistidae	波纹钩鳞鲀Balistapus undulatus	+
		褐拟鳞鲀Balistoides viridescens		+
		角鳞鲀Melichthys niger	+
		黑边角鳞鲀Melichthys vidua	+	+
		黑副鳞鲀Pseudobalistes fuscus	+
		叉斑锉鳞鲀Rhinecanthus aculeatus		+
		黑带锉鳞鲀Rhinecanthus rectangulus		+
		黄鳍多棘鳞鲀Sufflamen chrysopterum	+	+
		缰纹多棘鳞鲀Sufflamen fraenatum	+
		金边黄鳞鲀Xanthichthys auromarginatus		+
	单角鲀科Monacanthidae	单角革鲀Aluterus monoceros		+
		棘尾前孔鲀Cantherhines dumerilii		+
		细斑前孔鲀Cantherhines pardalis		+
		中华单角鲀Monacanthus chinensis		+
	箱鲀科Ostraciidae	角箱鲀Lactoria cornuta	+
	鲀科Tetraodontidae	白点叉鼻鲀Arothron meleagris	+
		黑斑叉鼻鲀Arothron nigropunctatus		+
		星斑叉鼻鲀Arothron stellatus		+
金眼鲷目Beryciformes	鳂科Holocentridae	红双棘鳂Dispinus ruber	+
		黄鳍锯鳞鱼Myripristis chryseres		+
		康德锯鳞鱼Myripristis kuntee		+
		白边锯鳞鱼Myripristis murdjan	+	+
		红锯鳞鱼Myripristis pralinia		+
		紫红锯鳞鱼Myripristis violacea	+	+
		银色新东洋鳂Neoniphon argenteus	+
		莎姆新东洋鳂Neoniphon sammara	+	+
		日本骨鳂Ostichthys japonicus	+
		尾斑棘鳞鱼Sargocentron caudimaculatum		+
		黑鳍棘鳞鱼Sargocentron diadema	+	+
		银带棘鳞鱼Sargocentron ittodai		+
		尖吻棘鳞鱼Sargocentron spiniferum		+
		赤鳍棘鳞鱼Sargocentron tiere		+
		白边棘鳞鱼Sargocentron violaceum	+	+
鳗鲡目Anguilliformes	海鳝科Muraenidae	细斑裸胸鳝Gymnothorax fimbriatus	+
		斑点裸胸鳝Gymnothorax meleagris		+
		花斑裸胸鳝Gymnothorax pictus	+
		白斑裸胸鳝Gymnothorax prismodon	+
		异纹裸胸鳝Gymnothorax richardsonii	+
		鞍斑裸胸鳝Gymnothorax rueppellii		+
		波纹裸胸鳝Gymnothorax undulatus		+
颌针鱼目Beloniformes	颌针鱼科Belonidae	鳄形圆颌针鱼Tylosurus crocodilus		+
	飞鱼科Exocoetidae	黄鳍须唇飞鱼Cheilopogon katoptron	+
		翼髭须唇飞鱼Cheilopogon pinnatibarbatus		+
		细头燕鳐鱼Cypselurus angusticeps		+
		点鳍须唇飞鱼Cheilopogon spilopterus	+
		尖鳍文鳐鱼Hirundichthys speculiger		+
仙女鱼目Aulopiformes	狗母鱼科Synodontidae	细蛇鲻Saurida gracilis		+
仙女鱼目Aulopiformes	狗母鱼科Synodontidae	双斑狗母鱼Synodus binotatus		+
鲉形目Scorpaeniformes	鲉科Scorpaenidae	花斑短鳍蓑鲉Dendrochirus zebra		+
		辐纹蓑鲉Pterois radiata		+
		黄斑鳞头鲉Sebastapistes cyanostigma		+
鲽形目Pleuronectiformes	鲆科Bothidae	豹纹鲆Bothus pantherinus		+
鲱形目Clupeiformes	鲱科Clupeidae	锈眼小体鲱Spratelloides delicatulus		+

Appendix. 1

References 58

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岛礁	鱼类物种数	数据来源
涠洲岛	114	邹琦等, 2020
卡特巴岛	127	Van Nguyen et al, 2020
富国岛	256	Van Nguyen et al, 2020
浪花礁	259	本研究
七连屿	315	王腾等, 2022
太平岛	466	邵广昭等, 2011

Species composition and evolutionary characteristics of coral reef fish in the Langhua Reef, Xisha Islands

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